Comparative legal analysis of mediation in Russia and the EU

The purpose of this article is to identify the specifics of mediation procedures, review them as extrajudicial method of conflict resolution. As the methodological basis of the research we use the synergistic, phenomenological and dialectical analysis techniques to examine the main aspects of the mediation as well as identify its principal features. As a result of the study, the authors concluded that in Russia it is necessary to take into account the international experience of mediation, legislation to support the mediation process and in some cases give it forceful character, to develop cooperation with the courts and notaries with the mediators.peer-reviewe

The energy dependence of the pp->K+ n Sigma+ reaction close to threshold

The production of the Sigma+ hyperon through the pp->K+nSigma+ reaction has been investigated at four energies close to threshold, 1.826, 1.920, 1.958, and 2.020 GeV. At low energies, correlated K+pi+ pairs can only originate from Sigma+ production so that their measurement allows the total cross section for the reaction to be determined. The results obtained are completely consistent with the values extracted from the study of the K+-proton correlation spectra obtained in the same experiment. These spectra, as well as the inclusive K+ momentum distributions, also provide conservative upper limits on the Sigma+ production rates. The measurements show a Sigma+ production cross section that varies roughly like phase space and, in particular, none of the three experimental approaches used supports the anomalously high near-threshold pp->K+ nSigma+ total cross section previously reported [T. Rozek et al., Phys. Lett. B 643, 251 (2006)].Comment: Submitted to PR

Flexible constrained sampling with guarantees for pattern mining

Pattern sampling has been proposed as a potential solution to the infamous pattern explosion. Instead of enumerating all patterns that satisfy the constraints, individual patterns are sampled proportional to a given quality measure. Several sampling algorithms have been proposed, but each of them has its limitations when it comes to 1) flexibility in terms of quality measures and constraints that can be used, and/or 2) guarantees with respect to sampling accuracy. We therefore present Flexics, the first flexible pattern sampler that supports a broad class of quality measures and constraints, while providing strong guarantees regarding sampling accuracy. To achieve this, we leverage the perspective on pattern mining as a constraint satisfaction problem and build upon the latest advances in sampling solutions in SAT as well as existing pattern mining algorithms. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is applicable to a variety of pattern languages, which allows us to introduce and tackle the novel task of sampling sets of patterns. We introduce and empirically evaluate two variants of Flexics: 1) a generic variant that addresses the well-known itemset sampling task and the novel pattern set sampling task as well as a wide range of expressive constraints within these tasks, and 2) a specialized variant that exploits existing frequent itemset techniques to achieve substantial speed-ups. Experiments show that Flexics is both accurate and efficient, making it a useful tool for pattern-based data exploration.Comment: Accepted for publication in Data Mining & Knowledge Discovery journal (ECML/PKDD 2017 journal track

Observation of inverse diproton photodisintegration at intermediate energies

The reaction pp->{pp}_s\gamma, where {pp}_s is a proton pair with an excitation energy E_{pp}<3 MeV, has been observed with the ANKE spectrometer at COSY-Juelich for proton beam energies of T_p=0.353, 0.500, and 0.550 GeV. This is equivalent to photodisintegration of a free 1S_0 diproton for photon energies E\gamma ~ T_p/2. The differential cross sections measured for c.m. angles 0 deg.<\theta_{pp}<20 deg. exhibit a steep increase with angle that is compatible with E1 and E2 multipole contributions. The ratio of the measured cross sections to those of np->d\gamma is on the 10^{-3}-10^{-2} level. The increase of the pp->{pp}_s\gamma cross section with T_p might reflect the influence of the Delta(1232) excitation.Comment: 4 pages + 4 figure

Basic exposure time optimization of a solid-state radiation detector in scintillation atomic emission spectrometry

Для оптимизации базовой экспозиции твердотельного детектора на примере опытной линейки БЛПП-2000 производства «ВМК-Оптоэлектроника» проведено экспериментальное исследование отношения сигнал-шум при сцинтилляционном атомно-эмиссионном спектральном анализе. Получены зависимости отношения сигнал-шум от времени этой экспозиции, подтверждающие соответствующую формулу, которая учитывает следующие параметры: форма и продолжительность вспышки спектральной линии; количество фотоэлектронов, порожденных вспышкой; темновой ток и фототок от спектрального фона; шум чтения, режим синхронизации. При этом использовали одноканальную регистрацию имитационных вспышек от светодиода, а также одновременную двухканальную регистрацию сцинтилляций золота на линии Au 267.595 нм от просыпки порошковой геологической пробы в электрической дуге. Получено уравнение для оценки оптимального времени экспозиции. Для линейки БЛПП-2000 расчет и экспериментальные данные согласованно показывают, что оптимальная экспозиция для регистрации интересующих по размеру микрочастиц аналита приблизительно равна продолжительности их вспышек.An experimental study of the signal-to-noise ratio in scintillation atomic-emission spectrometry was performed to optimize basic exposure time of the solid-state detectors using as an example a BLPP-2000 photodiode array produced by VMK-Optoelektronika. Obtained dependences of the signal-to-noise ratio on this exposure time confirm the corresponding formula that takes into account the following parameters: the shape and duration of scintillations of spectral lines; the number of photoelectrons generated by scintillations; dark current and background photocurrent; read noise, synchronization mode. Single-channel recording of simulated flashes of a light-emitting diode and simultaneous dual-channel recording of scintillations of the gold Au 267.595-nm line from the injection of powdered geological samples into an electric arc were used. An equation was derived to estimate the optimal exposure time. The calculated and experimental data for the BLPP 2000 array show that the optimal exposure time for recording the analyte microparticles of the size of interest is approximately equal to the length of their flashes

Evidence for an Excited Hyperon State in pp -> p K^+ Y^{0*}

Indications for the production of a neutral excited hyperon in the reaction pp -> p K^+ Y^{0*} are observed in an experiment performed with the ANKE spectrometer at COSY-J\"ulich at a beam momentum of 3.65 GeV/c. Two final states were investigated simultaneously, viz. Y^{0*} -> pi^+X^- and pi^-X^+, and consistent results were obtained in spite of the quite different experimental conditions. The parameters of the hyperon state are M(Y^{0*})= (1480 +/- 15) MeV/c^2 and Gamma(Y^{0*})= (60 +/- 15) MeV/c^2. The production cross section is of the order of few hundred nanobarns. Since the isospin of the Y^{0*} has not been determined here, it could either be an observation of the Sigma(1480), a one-star resonance of the PDG tables, or alternatively a Lambda hyperon. Relativistic quark models for the baryon spectrum do not predict any excited hyperon in this mass range and so the Y^{0*} may be of exotic nature.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in Phys.Rev.Let

BASIC EXPOSURE TIME OPTIMIZATION OF A SOLID-STATE RADIATION DETECTOR IN SCINTILLATION ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETRY

An experimental study of the signal-to-noise ratio in scintillation atomic-emission spectrometry was performed to optimize basic exposure time of the solid-state detectors using as an example a BLPP-2000 photodiode array produced by VMK-Optoelektronika. Obtained dependences of the signal-to-noise ratio on this exposure time confirm the corresponding formula that takes into account the following parameters: the shape and duration of scintillations of spectral lines; the number of photoelectrons generated by scintillations; dark current and background photocurrent; read noise, synchronization mode. Single-channel recording of simulated flashes of a light-emitting diode and simultaneous dual-channel recording of scintillations of the gold Au 267.595-nm line from the injection of powdered geological samples into an electric arc were used. An equation was derived to estimate the optimal exposure time. The calculated and experimental data for the BLPP 2000 array show that the optimal exposure time for recording the analyte microparticles of the size of interest is approximately equal to the length of their flashes. Keywords: time-resolved spectroscopy, atomic emission spectral analysis, powdered geological samples, scintillation, multi-element solid-state detectors, detection limit reduction, optimal exposure time(Russian)DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2015.19.1.005A.A. Dzyuba1, 2 , 3,  V.A. Labusov1, 2 , 3, S.A. Babin1. 21Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation2VMK-Optoelektronika, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation3Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian FederationAn experimental study of the signal-to-noise ratio in scintillation atomic-emission spectrometry was performed to optimize basic exposure time of the solid-state detectors using as an example a BLPP-2000 photodiode array produced by VMK-Optoelektronika. Obtained dependences of the signal-to-noise ratio on this exposure time confirm the corresponding formula that takes into account the following parameters: the shape and duration of scintillations of spectral lines; the number of photoelectrons generated by scintillations; dark current and background photocurrent; read noise, synchronization mode. Single-channel recording of simulated flashes of a light-emitting diode and simultaneous dual-channel recording of scintillations of the gold Au 267.595-nm line from the injection of powdered geological samples into an electric arc were used. An equation was derived to estimate the optimal exposure time. The calculated and experimental data for the BLPP 2000 array show that the optimal exposure time for recording the analyte microparticles of the size of interest is approximately equal to the length of their flashes. Keywords: time-resolved spectroscopy, atomic emission spectral analysis, powdered geological samples, scintillation, multi-element solid-state detectors, detection limit reduction, optimal exposure time. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2015.19.1.005

Measurement of the isospin-filtering dd -> 4He K+ K- reaction at Q=39 MeV

The total cross section for the dd -> 4He K+ K- reaction has been measured at a beam momentum of 3.7 GeV/c, corresponding to an excess energy of 39 MeV, which is the maximum possible at the Cooler Synchrotron COSY-J\"{u}lich. A deuterium cluster-jet target and the ANKE forward magnetic spectrometer, placed inside the storage ring, have been employed in this investigation. We find a total cross section of sigma(tot) < 14 pb, which brings into question the viability of investigating the dd -> 4He a0(980) reaction as a means of studying isospin violation.Comment: Five pages with three eps figure

АНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ СПЕКТРОМЕТРА ВЫСОКОГО РАЗРЕШЕНИЯ «ГРАНД-2000» В ДУГОВОМ АТОМНО-ЭМИССИОННОМ АНАЛИЗЕ

The analytical characteristics of the new Grand-2000 high-resolution spectrometer with BLPP-4000 photodetectors were evaluated. The device was tested as part of the Grand-Potok complex, which consists of a spectrometer and an electric arc facility and is designed to analyze powder samples continuously brought into the plasma atomizer (free-burning arc in air). The characteristics of the new spectrometer were compared with those of the Grand spectrometer, which is widely employed in analytical laboratories. It is shown that the use of the Grand-2000 spectrometer to determine the concentration of elements in geological and industrial powder samples does not lead to an obvious improvement in the results. The threefold increase in the spectral resolution of the new spectrometer reduces spectral influences from interfering elements, but the relative systematic error both decreases and increases for different samples. This may indicate the influence of unaccounted-for factors, for example, non-optimal spectra processing algorithms for this device. The results obtained suggest good prospects for the use of the Grand-2000 spectrometer to determine the concentration of elements in samples with a complex spectrum, but they also indicate the need for further studies to determine the optimal parameters for processing spectra. In addition, the Grand-2000 spectrometer can be used to supplement and refine the existing database of the wavelengths of spectral lines.Keywords: MAES, spectrometer, arc atomic emission spectrometry, spectral resolution, geological powder samples, Grand, Grand-2000 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2021.25.4.009A.A. Dzyuba1,2, S.V. Dodonov3, and V.A. Labusov1,2,3 1Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga, 1, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russian Federation2VMK-Optoélektronika, pr. Akademika Koptyuga, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation 3Novosibirsk State Technical University, pr. K. Marksa, 20, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russian FederationС целью снижения количества спектральных наложений на аналитические линии определяемых элементов при прямом анализе геологических порошков методом дуговой атомно-эмиссионной спектрометрии создан спектрометр высокого разрешения «Гранд-2000». Он содержит два параллельно работающих полихроматора по схеме Пашена-Рунге. Спектры в диапазоне 190-780 нм регистрируются анализаторами МАЭС. Первый полихроматор, выполненный на основе вогнутой дифракционной решётки 2400 штрихов/мм с радиусом кривизны поверхности подложки два метра, регистрирует область 190–350 нм с разрешением 4 пм. Цель работы – оценка аналитических возможностей спектрометра «Гранд-2000» с линейками фотодетекторов БЛПП-4000 путём экспериментального сравнения с широко используемым спектрометром «Гранд» с линейками БЛПП-2000 в составе комплекса «Гранд-Поток» с электродуговой установкой для анализа порошковых проб по способу просыпки-вдувания. Показано, что использование спектрометра «Гранд-2000» при решении задачи определения массовых долей элементов в геологических и техногенных порошковых пробах не приводит к очевидному улучшению результата. Его трехкратное преимущество по спектральному разрешению уменьшает спектральные помехи со стороны мешающих элементов, но это приводит как к уменьшению, так и к увеличению значения относительной систематической погрешности по модулю, что может говорить о дополнительных неучтенных влияющих факторах, например, неоптимальных для данного прибора алгоритмов обработки спектров. Полученные результаты показывают хорошие перспективы при использовании спектрометра «Гранд-2000» для определения массовых долей элементов в пробах со сложным спектром, но также указывают на необходимость проведения дополнительных исследований для определения оптимальных параметров обработки спектров. Кроме того, выявлена возможность применения спектрометр «Гранд-2000» для уточнения и корректировки существующей базы данных длин волн спектральных линий.Ключевые слова: спектральный комплекс «Гранд-Поток», «Гранд-2000», быстродействующий анализатор МАЭС, спектральное разрешение, геологические порошковые пробы, атомно-эмиссионная спектрометрияDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2021.25.4.00

АНАЛИЗАТОРЫ МАЭС С ЛИНЕЙКАМИ ФОТОДЕТЕКТОРОВ БЛПП-2000 И БЛПП-4000 В СЦИНТИЛЛЯЦИОННОЙ АТОМНО-ЭМИССИОННОЙ СПЕКТРОМЕТРИИ

For the development of “Grand-Potok” spectral systems and rapid high-sensitivity scintillation atomic emission spectrometry, the “VMK-Optoelektronika” company created a new BLPP-2000 photodetector linear array. Testing of the array as part of “Grand-Potok” spectral system had shown its advantages over a BLPP-369М1 array in recording scintillations of the gold Au 267.595 nm analytical spectral line. Further studies of the BLPP-2000 detector revealed the need to increase the spectral resolution of the system. For this, a new BLPP-4000 photodetector linear array has been developed. It was expected that its use would improve the resolution of the Grand spectrometer over the entire wavelength range, but a reduction in the sensitivity of the spectrometer could be possible. The objectives of this study were to experimentally compare the resolution and signal-to-noise ratio of the “Grand-Potok” spectral system using BLPP-2000, BLPP-4000, and BLPP-369М1 photodetector linear arrays and contrast the obtained results with the characteristics of the higher-resolution Grand-1500 spectrometer with BLPP-2000, which had shown good performance in determination of noble metals in geological samples with complex matrix. The data on the intensities and widths of the spectral lines were obtained from the spectra of the standard samples of various compositions and used to compare the signal-to-noise ratio and spectral resolution of the systems. The study showed that the use of the new MAES analyzers based on BLPP-4000 linear photodetector arrays in the Grand spectrometer increased the resolution of the instrument by a factor of two, while the signal-to-noise ratio of the instrument decreased by a factor of 4-6, leading to the deterioration of the detection limits in the scintillation arc atomic-emission spectrometry. Nevertheless, Grand spectrometers based on BLPP-4000 could be used instead of higher-resolution Grand-1500 spectrometers without deterioration of the detection limits as its aperture is 5–20 times higher. In addition, the signal-to-noise ratio and the resolution in Grand spectrometers with BLPP-369M1 detector arrays used in analytical laboratories could be increased by replacing the detectors with BLPP-4000 arrays.Keywords: Grand-Potok spectral system, MAES high-speed analyzer, spectral resolution, geological samples, scintillation atomic emission spectrometry(Russian) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2019.23.1.005A.A. Dzyuba1,2, V.A. Labusov1,2,3, and S.A. Babin1,21Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga, 1, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation2VMK-Optoelektronika, pr. Akademika Koptyuga, 1, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation3Novosibirsk State Technical University, pr. K. Marksa, 20, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russian FederationДля развития спектрального комплекса «Гранд-Поток» и экспрессного высокочувствительного метода сцинтилляционной атомно-эмиссионной спектрометрии предприятие «ВМК-Оптоэлектроника» создало новую высокочувствительную линейку фотодетекторов БЛПП-2000, которая была испытана в составе спектрального комплекса «Гранд-Поток», где были показаны ее преимущества при регистрации вспышек аналитической спектральной линии золота Au 267.595 нм по сравнению с линейкой БЛПП-369М1. В ходе дальнейших исследований детектора БЛПП-2000 была выявлена необходимость увеличения спектрального разрешения комплекса. Для этого была разработана новая линейка фотодетекторов БЛПП-4000, с использованием которой ожидается улучшение разрешения спектрометра «Гранд» во всём диапазоне длин волн, но возможно снижение чувствительности определений. Целью данной работы является экспериментальное сравнения разрешения и отношения сигнал-шум (ОСШ) спектрального комплекса «Гранд-Поток» с применением линеек фотодетекторов БЛПП-4000, БЛПП-2000 и БЛПП-369М1, а также сопоставление полученных результатов с характеристиками более высокоразрешающего спектрометра «Град-1500» с линейками БЛПП-2000, который зарекомендовал себя при определении благородных металлов в геологических пробах со сложной матрицей. В ходе работы из спектров стандартных образцов различного состава были получены данные об интенсивностях и ширинах спектральных линий, по которым проведено сравнение ОСШ и спектрального разрешения комплексов. Исследование показало, что применение новых анализаторов МАЭС на основе линеек БЛПП-4000 в спектрометре «Гранд» позволит увеличить разрешающую способность прибора в два раза, ОСШ прибора при этом снизится в 4-6 раз, что приведет к ухудшению пределов обнаружения в САЭС. Несмотря на это, спектрометр «Гранд» на основе БЛПП-4000 можно использовать вместо более высокоразрешающего «Гранд-1500» без потерь в пределах обнаружения, т.к. его светосила в 5-20 раз выше. Кроме того, возможно увеличение ОСШ и разрешающей способности в спектрометрах «Гранд», используемых в аналитических лабораториях с линейками БЛПП-369М1, путём замены детекторов на линейки БЛПП-4000.Ключевые слова: спектральный комплекс «Гранд-Поток», быстродействующий МАЭС, спектральное разрешение, геологические пробы, сцинтилляционная атомно-эмиссионная спектрометрияDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2019.23.1.00