EFFECT OF FERMENTEDCINNAMON JUICE EXTRACT ON RED SOKOTO BUCKS TESTICULAR HISTO-MORPHOLOGY AND SEXUAL ETHOGRAM

This study was aimed to determine the effect of fermented cinnamon juice extract (FCJE) on Red SokotoBucks testicular histo-morphology and sexual ethogram.A total number of 24 apparently healthy pubertal red Sokoto buck was allotted into four treatments consists of 0, 15, 30 and 45 ml of FCJE in a completely randomized design (CRD), Duncan multiple range test were used to separate means between treatment. The animals were drenched for 8 weeks daily. Two bucks from each treatment were randomly selected and orchidectomized to obtained testes for testicular morphometry and histology determination. The result in this study suggested that bucks supplemented 45 ml FCJE has significantly (P<0.05) higher values of live weight, right testes weight, left testis weight, relative testis weight, right testis volume, left testis volume, and testes volume. Treatment 1 had the highest (P<0.05) testis density values. Non-significant (P>0.05) increases were observed in right testis length, left testis length, right testis width and left testis width. Considerable architectural changes were observed in the seminiferous tubules from cluster, smaller size to larger in size with increases dosage of FCJE. Similarly, wider lumens were observed in control group (T1) and T2 (15 ml FCJE). However, visible interstitial cells and wider interbular space were observed in T3 and T4 where some elongations of seminiferous tubules were prominently observed in both T3 and T4. It is therefore, concluded that supplementation of FCJE has a positive effect in changing testicular morphology and profound responses in altering testicular histological structures. However, further studies are highly suggested to validate this response and fully explore the physiological mechanisms involves for the aphrodisiac activities of fermented cinnamon juice extract observed in this study

Global Perspectives on Task Shifting and Task Sharing in Neurosurgery.

BACKGROUND: Neurosurgical task shifting and task sharing (TS/S), delegating clinical care to non-neurosurgeons, is ongoing in many hospital systems in which neurosurgeons are scarce. Although TS/S can increase access to treatment, it remains highly controversial. This survey investigated perceptions of neurosurgical TS/S to elucidate whether it is a permissible temporary solution to the global workforce deficit. METHODS: The survey was distributed to a convenience sample of individuals providing neurosurgical care. A digital survey link was distributed through electronic mailing lists of continental neurosurgical societies and various collectives, conference announcements, and social media platforms (July 2018-January 2019). Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and univariate regression of Likert Scale scores. RESULTS: Survey respondents represented 105 of 194 World Health Organization member countries (54.1%; 391 respondents, 162 from high-income countries and 229 from low- and middle-income countries [LMICs]). The most agreed on statement was that task sharing is preferred to task shifting. There was broad consensus that both task shifting and task sharing should require competency-based evaluation, standardized training endorsed by governing organizations, and maintenance of certification. When perspectives were stratified by income class, LMICs were significantly more likely to agree that task shifting is professionally disruptive to traditional training, task sharing should be a priority where human resources are scarce, and to call for additional TS/S regulation, such as certification and formal consultation with a neurosurgeon (in person or electronic/telemedicine). CONCLUSIONS: Both LMIC and high-income countries agreed that task sharing should be prioritized over task shifting and that additional recommendations and regulations could enhance care. These data invite future discussions on policy and training programs

Understanding exposure routes of endocrine disruptors in livestock

This paper present review on various exposure routes of endocrine disruptors in livestock due to concern and wide usage of synthetic chemicals and other substances to mimic and interfere with natural hormones in livestock. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals can have a lifelong effects and consequence to next generation livestock offspring. New endocrine disruptor chemicals continue to emerge and the negative and deleterious effects of such chemicals on growth, reproduction, and obesity constitute a public health issue in livestock production. The review indicates that there are various routes through which endocrine disrupting agent can get into animal body and disrupt the normal function of endocrine system: controversial use of synthetic steroid hormones, grazing contaminated pasture, drinking water, concentrate feed, inhalation EDCs substances, placental route, milk exposure and skin contact with product containing endocrine disruption chemicals. There is concern and call for animal science researchers to extensively diversify their studies in this area to come out with holistic solutions on how to minimize exposure and physio-reproductive consequences of endocrine disruptors in livestock

Effect of energy graded levels on live weight and nutrient digestibility of pregnant Red Sokoto Goat

The aims of the study were to determine the effect of energy graded levels on live weight and nutrient digestibility of pregnant red Sokoto goat. A total of twenty (20) yearlings red Sokoto does were synchronized for pregnancy using a buck. The animals were divided into four treatment groups of five (5) animals each containing four graded energy levels of 2,400, 2,200, 2,000 and 1800 kcal/kg ME in a completely randomized design (CRD). Feed and were given to the animals ad-libitum. The result revealed that 1800 to 2,400 kcal/kg ME were acceptable to pregnant does, although there were no significant differences (P>0.05) observed between treatment means in terms of final weight, average daily gain (ADG), feed intake, dry matter as percentage body weight and feed conversion ratio (FCR) despite numerical differences exist that are not statistically (P>0.05) significant. The crude fibre, either extract (EE), ash, nitrogen free extract, acid detergent fibre, lignin and energy intake of the pregnant does were significantly (P<0.05) affected by different energy levels. The use of energy graded levels on live weight and nutrient digestibility of pregnant red Sokoto goats has beneficial effect of nutrient digestibility. The present study showed that crude fibre either extract, ash, nitrogen free extract, acid detergent fibre increased significantly as the level of energy increases. This indicates that inclusion of energy graded levels increases nutrient digestibility with increases of energy. Therefore, this study recommends the use of 2400 kcal ME/Kg and 2200 Kcal ME/Kg energy level for pregnant Red Sokoto doe