The coefficient of correction of effectiveness with the account of natural factors

The existing methods of determination of effectiveness don’t give the opportunity to emphasize the factors to the full extent. By which we can achieve the effect: the level of development of technologies, exploitation of natural resources, i,e. the damage to the environment etc. The economic damage, caused to the environment as a result of exploitation of natural resources and ecological violations at the given moment, doesn’t have a precise definition at the profound level. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/1280

Effects of Pre-Slaughter Stress on Meat Characteristics and Consumer Experience

The current concern regarding how animals are raised, which kind of feedstuffs were fed, and the management activities employed in the livestock segment system is increasing, primarily due to the public and/or customer opinion. Therefore, a positive pressure is being placed in the industry/production to be more effective in communicating these processes and to explain what indeed occurs during the animal’s productive life, from birth to slaughter. Hence, it is imperative to explain what type of situations animals face during their productive lives and how these might impact productive, health, and the quality of the final product sold at the supermarket. Additionally, it is important to understand that technologies have been developed that could mitigate some of these stress-related losses (health and productive), as well as to improve meat quality traits and overall customer eating experience

A first attempt to produce proteins from insects by means of a circular economy

The worldwide growing consumption of proteins to feed humans and animals has drawn a considerable amount of attention to insect rearing. Insects reared on organic wastes and used as feed for monogastric animals can reduce the environmental impact and increase the sustainability of meat/fish production. In this study, we designed an environmentally closed loop for food supply in which fruit and vegetable waste from markets became rearing substrate for Hermetia illucens (BSF\u2014 black soldier fly). A vegetable and fruit-based substrate was compared to a standard diet for Diptera in terms of larval growth, waste reduction index, and overall substrate degradation. Morphological analysis of insect organs was carried out to obtain indications about insect health. Processing steps such as drying and oil extraction from BSF were investigated. Nutritional and microbiological analyses confirmed the good quality of insects and meal. The meal was then used to produce fish feed and its suitability to this purpose was assessed using trout. Earthworms were grown on leftovers of BSF rearing in comparison to a standard substrate. Chemical analyses of vermicompost were performed. The present research demonstrates that insects can be used to reduce organic waste, increasing at the same time the sustainability of aquaculture and creating interesting by-products through the linked bio-system establishment

Characterisation of a Desmosterol Reductase Involved in Phytosterol Dealkylation in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori

Most species of invertebrate animals cannot synthesise sterols de novo and many that feed on plants dealkylate phytosterols (mostly C29 and C28) yielding cholesterol (C27). The final step of this dealkylation pathway involves desmosterol reductase (DHCR24)-catalysed reduction of desmosterol to cholesterol. We now report the molecular characterisation in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, of such a desmosterol reductase involved in production of cholesterol from phytosterol, rather than in de novo synthesis of cholesterol. Phylogenomic analysis of putative desmosterol reductases revealed the occurrence of various clades that allowed for the identification of a strong reductase candidate gene in Bombyx mori (BGIBMGA 005735). Following PCR-based cloning of the cDNA (1.6 kb) and its heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisae, the recombinant protein catalysed reduction of desmosterol to cholesterol in an NADH- and FAD- dependent reaction

The Circadian Clock in Lepidoptera

With approximately 160,000 identified species of butterflies and moths, Lepidoptera are among the most species-rich and diverse insect orders. Lepidopteran insects have fundamental ecosystem functions as pollinators and valuable food sources for countless animals. Furthermore, Lepidoptera have a significant impact on the economy and global food security because many species in their larval stage are harmful pests of staple food crops. Moreover, domesticated species such as the silkworm Bombyx mori produce silk and silk byproducts that are utilized by the luxury textile, biomedical, and cosmetics sectors. Several Lepidoptera have been fundamental as model organisms for basic biological research, from formal genetics to evolutionary studies. Regarding chronobiology, in the 1970s, Truman’s seminal transplantation experiments on different lepidopteran species were the first to show that the circadian clock resides in the brain. With the implementation of molecular genetics, subsequent studies identified key differences in core components of the molecular circadian clock of Lepidoptera compared to the dipteran Drosophila melanogaster, the dominant insect species in chronobiological research. More recently, studies on the butterfly Danaus plexippus have been fundamental in characterizing the interplay between the circadian clock and navigation during the seasonal migration of this species. Moreover, the advent of Next Generation Omic technologies has resulted in the production of many publicly available datasets regarding circadian clocks in pest and beneficial Lepidoptera. This review presents an updated overview of the molecular and anatomical organization of the circadian clock in Lepidoptera. We report different behavioral circadian rhythms currently identified, focusing on the importance of the circadian clock in controlling developmental, mating and migration phenotypes. We then describe the ecological importance of circadian clocks detailing the complex interplay between the feeding behavior of these organisms and plants. Finally, we discuss how the characterization of these features could be useful in both pest control, and in optimizing rearing of beneficial Lepidoptera

Preferenze alimentari in Bombyx mori: saggi comportamentali

Le larve del baco da seta (Bombyx mori L.) sono strettamente monofaghe, infeudate al gelso (Morus spp.) e legate alla presenza di foglia fresca. I dati presentati riguardano lo studio dell’attrattività da parte di alcuni ceppi del baco da seta (due cinesi, due giapponesi e due poliibridi) nei confronti di diete sostitutive, preparate con diverse percentuali di polvere di foglia di gelso essiccata (da 0% a 40%). Lo scopo è quello di determinare il ceppo/i con le migliori “prestazioni” verso la dieta contenente la minor percentuale di gelso compatibile con lo sviluppo dell’organismo. L’indagine è eseguita su larve in I età in condizioni chimico-fisiche controllate. I valori più alti di affluenza al cibo sono stati raggiunti dai ceppi giapponesi, indipendentemente dalla percentuale di gelso; per gli altri ceppi l’attrattività aumenta proporzionalmente alla quantità di gelso presente. Per meglio comprendere i fattori che possono essere responsabili di questo comportamento, su tre diete (0%, 25% e 40%) è stata eseguita, per ogni ceppo, un’analisi delle traiettorie percorse dalle larve per il raggiungimento della dieta. Lo sviluppo cinematico e geometrico della locomozione dell’organismo sono studiati tramite i seguenti indici: l’indice geometrico, che esprime il rapporto tra la distanza dal punto iniziale al punto finale del percorso (D) e la lunghezza (L) effettiva del tragitto (Ig = D/L), descrivendo la geometria complessiva della traettoria seguita; l’indice cinetico (Ik= L/t), che esprime la velocità media della larva; il tasso di dislocazione (Rd = Ik . Ig = D/t), che esprime il tasso di spostamento teorico dell’organismo indipendentemente dalla geometria della traettoria e dalla velocità effettiva posseduta. I risultati ottenuti indicano che, per quanto concerne l’efficienza geometrica del percorso, non esistono differenze significative tra i vari ceppi. Per quanto riguarda l’indice cinetico sono riscontrate delle differenze significative: in particolare, il ceppo cinese 121 risulta più veloce quanto più è bassa la percentuale di gelso, mentre il ceppo giapponese 71 è tanto più veloce quanto maggiore è la quantità di gelso nella dieta. Gli altri ceppi mostrano un comportamento intermedio. In conclusione, si può affermare che il sistema di analisi applicato in questo studio è in grado di fornire indicazioni utili per la scelta del ceppo e della percentuale di gelso idonei per l’allevamento del baco da seta con dieta sostitutiva

Proton Spin-Lattice Relaxation in Silkworm Cocoons: Physisorbed Water and Serine Side-Chain Motions

The molecular dynamic behavior of silkworm cocoons produced by a single Bombyx mori strain was investigated by means of high- and low-resolution solid-state NMR experiments. Cocoons with different moisture content were prepared to study the effects of physisorbed water on their molecular dynamics in the MHz regime, which was probed through the measurement of 1H T1 relaxation times at 25 MHz in the 25-95 °C temperature range. The water content of the different samples was determined from the analysis of 1H free-induction decays. In addition to the rotation of methyl groups, mostly from alanine, and to the reorientation of physisorbed water molecules, already identified in previous works as relaxation sinks, the reorientation of serine side-chains was here found to contribute to 1H T1 above room temperature. The analysis of the trends of 1H T1 versus temperature was carried out in terms of semiempirical models describing the three main motional processes, and indicated that methyl rotation, water reorientation and serine side-chain motions are the most efficient relaxation mechanisms below 0 °C, between 0 and 60 °C, and above 60 °C, respectively. The activation energies were found to decrease passing from serine to water to methyl motions

Modification of the nutritional parameters and of midgut biochemical and absorptive functions induced by the IGR fenoxycarb in Bombyx mori larvae

Fifth instar larvae of B. mori were topically or orally treated with increasing amounts of the Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) fenoxycarb in a single application, in order to determine its effects on the nutritional parameters, the midgut functional activities and the growth of the silk glands. The IGR affected in a dose-dependent manner the progress of the life cycle of the insect, causing a delay or inhibition of spinning, alteration of the feeding behaviour, decrease of the nutritional parameters, impairment of the growth of the silk glands, and an increased mortality during larval-pupal transformation. Measurement of leucine uptake into midgut brush border membrane vesicles and midgut histochemistry revealed a reduced absorption of leucine by the midgut and a large alteration of a number of midgut enzyme activities as a result of treatments with a high dose of fenoxycarb (2.5 micro g). Treatments with a dose of 2.5 femto g/larva caused an increase in leucine uptake by the midgut, an increased weight of the cocoon shell, and a modification of some midgut enzyme activities. The lepidopteran midgut appears to be a larval organ that responds promptly to the exposure to fenoxycarb. The epithelial columnar cells modify their absorptive functions, at least with regard to amino acid uptake, as well as their metabolic activity, with a modification of the oxidative status of the cells that is detectable with a single dose of the chemical as low as few fg/larva