Main and interaction effects of extrusion temperature and usage level of full fat soybean on performance and blood metabolites of broiler chickens

The extruded full fat soybean (EFFSB) may be used in diet to satisfy the energy and protein requirements of fast growing broiler chickens. The main and interaction effects of three extrusion temperatures and two dietary levels of FFSB were studied on the performance, physiological enzymes and blood metabolites of broiler chickens from 0 to 42 days. The batches of full fat soybean (FFSB) were wet extruded at three temperatures (145, 155 and 165°C, respectively) for 15 s. 240 day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were divided and placed in 24 pens. Six starter, grower and finisher diets were provided in a 2 × 3 factorial design with two dietary levels of EFFSB (7.5 and 15%) and three extrusion temperatures (145, 155 and 165°C). The extrusion temperatures did not have significant effect on feed intake (FI), body weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of chickens during each and whole period, but the inclusion rate of EFFSB had significant (P<0.05) effect on FI and WG. The FI and WG of chickens fed diet contained 15% EFFSB was significantly (P<0.05) lower than those fed 7.5% EFFSB diet. The extrusion temperatures and inclusion rate did not significantly affect pancreas weight, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes, indicating that the anti-nutrients residuals of FFSBs extruded at 145, 155 and 165°C did not influence liver system and pancreas size of chicks at 21 days of age. The interaction effects between dietary levels of EFFSB and extrusion temperatures on performance criteria, pancreas weight, CPK, LDH, AST and ALT enzymes of chickens were not significant (P>0.05) during each and whole period. It is concluded that blood metabolites and broiler performance were not affected (P>0.05) with extrusion temperature from 145 to 165°C, but increasing dietary levels of EFFSB from 7.5 to 15%, affected (P<0.05) negatively the growth rate of chicks.Key words: Full fat soybean extrusion, temperature, broiler performance, blood metabolites

Effect of Rolled or Extruded Flaxseeds in Finisher Diet on Pellet Quality, Performance, and n-3 Fatty Acids in Breast and Thigh Muscles of Broiler Chickens

An experiment was conducted to compare the effect of corn-soybean meal finisher (29-42d) diets containing flaxseeds (rolled or extruded) on pellet quality, performance, n-3 fatty acids (FA) and oxidative stability of meat in broiler chickens. Seven pelleted diets were provided in a 3×2 factorial arrangement with three flaxseed levels (5, 10, and 15%) and two processing methods (rolled or extruded) and a zero flaxseed diet (control). Birds fed diet containing 15% flaxseed had significantly lower weight gain and higher feed conversion ratio compared to those fed diets contained 0, 5 and/or 10% flaxseed. The type of flaxseed processing did not influence (P > 0.05) fatty acid profile and the MDA content in muscles. Chickens fed the control diet had relatively high levels of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and low levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Feeding diets contained flaxseed markedly reduced the levels of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and increased polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly the n-3 fatty acids in meat. It is concluded that the addition of 15% flaxseeds to finisher diet can increase n-3 fatty acids and lipid peroxidation in meat, while reducing growth performance of broiler chickens. However, feeding finisher diet containing 10% flaxseed compared to 5 or 15% flaxseed is of more practical to achieve an acceptable level of Omega-3 fatty acids in breast and thigh muscles without compromising the performance of broiler chickens

Designer Magnetoplasmonics with Nickel Nanoferromagnets

We introduce a new perspective on magnetoplasmonics in nickel nanoferromagnets by exploiting the phase tunability of the optical polarizability due to localized surface plasmons and simultaneous magneto-optical activity. We demonstrate how the concerted action of nanoplasmonics and magnetization can manipulate the sign of rotation of the reflected light’s polarization (i.e., to produce Kerr rotation reversal) in ferromagnetic nanomaterials and, further, how this effect can be dynamically controlled and employed to devise conceptually new schemes for biochemosensing. © 2011 American Chemical Society.A.D. and Z.P. acknowledge support from the Swedish Research Council and Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (Framework program Functional Electromagnetic Metamaterials, project RMA08). J.Å. acknowledges support from the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (Future Research Leader Programme), and the G€oran Gustafsson Foundation. J.Å. is a Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Research Fellow supported by a grant from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. V.B. acknowledges the G€oran Gustafsson Foundation and the Blanceflor Boncompagni-Ludovisi Foundation. P.V. acknowledges funding from the Basque Government through the ETORGAI Program, Project No. ER- 2010/00032 and Program No. PI2009-17, the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education under Projects No. CSD2006-53 and No. MAT2009-07980. J.N. acknowledges funding for the Generalitat de Catalunya and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education through No. 2009-SGR-1292 and No. MAT2010-20616-C02 projects.Peer Reviewe

Age-associated B cells predict impaired humoral immunity after COVID-19 vaccination in patients receiving immune checkpoint blockade

Age-associated B cells (ABC) accumulate with age and in individuals with different immunological disorders, including cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint blockade and those with inborn errors of immunity. Here, we investigate whether ABCs from different conditions are similar and how they impact the longitudinal level of the COVID-19 vaccine response. Single-cell RNA sequencing indicates that ABCs with distinct aetiologies have common transcriptional profiles and can be categorised according to their expression of immune genes, such as the autoimmune regulator (AIRE). Furthermore, higher baseline ABC frequency correlates with decreased levels of antigen-specific memory B cells and reduced neutralising capacity against SARS-CoV-2. ABCs express high levels of the inhibitory FcγRIIB receptor and are distinctive in their ability to bind immune complexes, which could contribute to diminish vaccine responses either directly, or indirectly via enhanced clearance of immune complexed-antigen. Expansion of ABCs may, therefore, serve as a biomarker identifying individuals at risk of suboptimal responses to vaccination

Enhanced Intracellular Delivery of Curcumin by Chitosan-Lipoic Acid as Reduction-Responsive Nanoparticles

Aims: Enhancement of anti-tumor activity of the chemotherapeutic agent CUR by redox-sensitive nanoparticle to get a deeper insight into cancer therapy.Background: Tumor targetability and stimulus are widely used to study the delivery of drugs for cancer diagnosis and treatment because poor cellular uptake and inadequate intracellular drug release lead to inefficient delivery of anticancer agents to tumor tissue.Objective: Studies distinguishing between tumor and normal tissues or redox-sensitive systems using glutathione (GSH) as a significant signal.Methods: In this study, we designed Chitosan-Lipoic acid Nanoparticles (CS-LANPs) to improve drug delivery for breast cancer treatment by efficient delivery of Curcumin (CUR). The properties of blank CS-LANPs were studied in detail. The size and the polydispersity index (PDI) of the CS-LANPs were optimized.Results: The results indicate the mean size and PDI of the blank CS-LANPs were around 249 nm and 0.125, respectively. However, the drug loading (DL) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the CS-LANPs were estimated to be about 18.22% and 99.80%, respectively. Compared to non-reductive conditions, the size of reduction-sensitive CS-LANPs increased significantly under reductive conditions. Therefore, the drug release of CS-LANPs in the presence of glutathione was much faster than that of non-GSH conditions. Moreover, the antitumor effect of CS-LANPs on MCF-7 cells was determined in vitro by MTT assay, cell cytotoxicity, Caspase-3 Assay, detection of mitochondrial membrane potential and quantification of apoptosis incidence.Conclusion: CS-LANPs showed a remarkably increased accumulation in tumor cells and had a better tumor inhibitory activity in vitro. CS-LANPs could successfully deliver drugs to cancer cells and revealed better efficiency than free CUR.Imaging- and therapeutic targets in neoplastic and musculoskeletal inflammatory diseas

Effects of Dietary Extruded Full Fat Soybean (EFFSB) on Performance, Blood Metabolites and Morphology of Intestinal Mucosa of Broiler Chickens

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary levels of extruded full fat soybean (EFFSB) on performance, blood metabolites and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. A batch of FFSB was wet extruded at 155 °C, 15 seconds to provide the extruded full fat soybean (EFFSB) sample. One hundred and forty four d-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were divided into 12 groups with 12 birds each and assigned to starter, grower and finisher diets each containing 0, 7.5 and 15 % of EFFSB. Feed intake of chicks fed diet containing 15% EFFSB, were significantly reduced as compared to those fed the control diet during 1-14 d of age, but were not influenced during grower, finisher and the whole experimental period. A significant linear decrease was observed in weight gain of birds during whole period. Relative weight of pancreas, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine amino transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase (CK) in blood serum of chicks were not influenced with dietary EFFSB level. A significant linear decrease was observed in serum triglyceride and total cholesterol with increasing in dietary levels of EFFSB at 42 d of age. The villi length decreased linearly with increasing dietary levels of EFFSB in duodenum section of small intestine, causing a significant decrease in villi surface area in duodenum of birds fed 15% EFFSB diet as comparing to control birds, the crypt depth and villus length/ crypt depth were changed. The morphological measurements of small intestine mucosa in jejunum and ileum sections were not significantly influenced by dietary EFFSB at 42 d chickens. It is concluded that using full fat soybean extruded at 155 °C up to 15 % of diet did not influence significantly performance of chickens during whole period, although the villi length and villi surface area decreased in duodenum of birds with increase in the usage of EFFSB

The study of manganese superoxide dismutase Val16Ala genotypes and its association with helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer patients in Kermanshah City, West of Iran

Background: One of the main causes of gastric ulcer and inflammation is Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). This bacterium has a global spread. The objective of the present research is to evaluate the genotype relationship between manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) Ala16Val and the risk of the gastric ulcer. Materials and Methods: This case-control research was conducted on 75 patients with gastric ulcer and 60 healthy individuals as a control. By using the kit, DNA was extracted from gastric paraffin blocks and control group blood samples. Polymerase chain reaction was implemented to detect glmM and MnSOD genes, and restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to examine MnSOD Ala16Val polymorphism. Results: The frequency of glmM gene in patients with gastric ulcer was positive and was 74.66. Analyzing MnSOD Ala16Val polymorphism indicated that the A/V frequency was higher in both patient and control groups. In addition, the allelic analysis indicated that the allele A was significantly (Sig = 0.000) higher in the patient group compared to that in control group (Sig = 0.000). It also showed that the genotype Ala/Ala can increase the gastric ulcer rate by 32.3 times. Conclusion: This research indicated a positive relationship between the MnSOD Ala16Val gene polymorphism and gastric ulcer. Therefore, Ala/Ala genotype could be considered as a risk factor for gastric ulcer disease. © 2018 BRNSS Publication Hub. All rights reserved

Chemical characterization and evaluation of antimicrobial and cutaneous wound healing potentials of gold nanoparticles using Allium saralicum RM Fritsch

The use of herbal medicines dates back a long way in history. Herbal medicines have been widely used all over the world since ancient times and have been recognized by physicians and patients for their good therapeutic value as they have fewer adverse effects than modern medicines. Recently, researchers have used gold nanoparticles synthesized by plants in the prevention, control, and treatment of infectious disorders and cutaneous wounds. The aims of this study were to synthesize gold nanoparticles from aqueous extract of Allium saralicum R.M. Fritsch (AuNPs) and assess their therapeutic capacities. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FT-IR results offered polysaccharides and protein in A. saralicum were the sources of reducing power, reducing gold ions to AuNPs. According to XRD analysis, the crystal size of the nanoparticles was 41.6 nm. TEM and FE-SEM images exhibited average diameters of 45 nm for the biosynthesized nanoparticles. The synthesized AuNPs had great cell viability on HUVECs line and showed this method was nontoxic. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging test indicated similar antioxidant potentials for A. saralicum, AuNPs, and butylated hydroxytoluene. To determine the antifungal and antibacterial properties of HAuCl4, A. saralicum, and AuNPs, agar diffusion tests were used. The aim of the application both HAuCl4 and A. saralicum in microbial tests was to investigate the synergism effects between them. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were specified by macro-broth dilution assay. AuNPs exhibited higher antifungal and antibacterial effects than all standard antibiotics (p <= 0.01). The MIC and MBC of AuNPs against all bacteria were in the ranges 1-4 mg/ml and 2-8 mg/ml, respectively. The MIC and MFC of AuNPs against all fungi were in the ranges 1-4 mg/ml and 2-4 mg/ml, respectively. In vivo part, AuNPs ointment group raised significantly (p <= 0.01) the wound contracture, vessel, hydroxyl proline, hexuronic acid, fibrocyte, fibroblast, and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate and decreased significantly (p <= 0.01) the wound area, total cells, and lymphocyte compared to other groups in rats. The results of FT-IR, UV-Vis, XRD, TEM, and FE-SEM analyses confirm that the aqueous extract of A. saralicum leaves can be used to yield gold nanoparticles with a notable amount of remedial effects without any cytotoxicity against HUVECs