Technology for designing an individual educational trajectory of university students

The continuity of education has to ensure the possibility of a person’s multidimensional progression of a person in the educational space and create optimal conditions for such progression. The continuous education system is currently one of the priorities in the state development policy in Russi

ДИДАКТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ БЕЗПЕРЕРВНОЇ МЕДИЧНОЇ ОСВІТИ ДІЛЬНИЧНИХ ПЕДІАТРІВ

The aim of the study is to share the experience and views on improving methods of continuous medical education under health care reform.The main body. The article deals with the problem of district pediatricians continuous education and to set out own reading of educational process optimization. The educational process optimization is specified by valuable intentional aspects of doctor training, application of effective pedagogical methods, wide implementation of informational technologies. It allows doctor to use education services directly at working place or at home, to improve level of individualization and differentiation of training, to improve motivation, and also to decrease financial dependence that is just as important nowadays. Under heltcare reform it is desirable, that cycles of advanced thematic training are short-time: 5, 10, 14 days, and their amount are not restricted during the year.Subjects of the advanced thematic training of district pediatricians must be aimed at children health preventive, maintenance and strengthening and oriented to evidence-based medicine. This kind of approach is going to promote high-quality training of highly experienced specialists, forming his professional competency at all the stages of continuous professional development.Using modern computer equipment and teaching aids (right amount of computers, interactive boards, simulators, Smart-system for interactive testing), the introduction of advanced teaching techniques, methods and technologies contributes the necessary level of knowledge of pediatricians.During cycles (including on-site ones) binary lectures, which increase the effectiveness of learning material assimilation and promote students’ activeness are held; the elements of distance learning platform based on Moodle KhMAPE (moodle.med.edu.ua) with additional review sessions on Skype at the Center of Distance Education of Academy are used.Looking forward, in conditions of concurrent education environment, it will be possible «to make free choice of educational establishment, education form (courses, internship, e-Learning)». District pediatricians will choose and estimate the work of medical educational organization by themselves corresponding to given education service.Conclusions. Information technologies for medical education optimize and increase the effectiveness of continuous modern pediatrician professional development. The introduction of new advanced methods into district doctors’ medical education promotes new thinking, increases interest and satisfaction with the educational process.Мета роботи – поділитись власним досвідом та думками про вдосконалення методів безперервної медичної освіти в умовах реформування охорони здоров’я.Основна частина. У статі висвітлено проблеми безперервної медичної освіти дільничних педіатрів. Представлено власний погляд на оптимізацію навчального процесу, що полягає в підвищенні змістовних аспектів підготовки лікаря, застосуванні ефективних педагогічних прийомів і методик, а також широкому впровадженні новітніх інформаційних технологій. Це дозволяє лікарю одержати освітні послуги прямо на робочому місці чи вдома, підвищити ступінь індивідуалізації і диференціації навчання, покращити мотиваційну активність, окрім цього, знизити фінансову залежність, що є не менш важливим у наш час.В умовах реформування охорони здоров’я бажано, щоб  цикли тематичного удосконалення бути короткотривалими: 5, 10, 14 днів, а їх кількість – не обмежувалася протягом року.Тематика циклів тематичного удосконалення сучасних дільничних педіатрів обов’язково має бути спрямована на профілактику, збереження й зміцнення здоров’я дітей і орієнтована на доказову медицину. Такий підхід сприятиме якісній підготовці висококваліфікованого спеціаліста, формуванню його професійної компетенції на всіх етапах безперервного професійного розвитку.Використовуючи сучасне комп’ютерне обладнання та технічні засоби навчання (достатня кількість комп’ютерів, інтерактивна дошка, симулятори, Smart-система для інтерактивного тестування), впровадження передових педагогічних прийомів, методів і технологій сприяє формуванню необхідного рівня знань  педіатрів. На циклах (у тому числі й на виїзних) проводяться бінарні лекції, що підвищує ефективність засвоєння матеріалу заняття та сприяє активності слухачів, використовуються елементи дистанційного навчання на базі платформи Moodle ХМАПО (moodle.med.edu.ua) з додатковими консультаціями викладачів по Skype у Центрі дистанційної освіти академії.У перспективі, в умовах конкурентного освітнього середовища відбудеться “вільний вибір закладу, форми навчання (курси, стажування, e-Learning)”. Дільничні педіатри будуть самі обирати й оцінювати роботу вищого медичного навчального закладу за якістю наданої їм навчальної послуги.Висновки. Інформаційні технології в медичній освіті оптимізують та підвищують ефективність безперервного професійного розвитку сучасного лікаря-педіатра.Впровадження нових сучасних методів у медичну освіту дільничних лікарів сприяє формуванню нового мислення, підвищенню зацікавленості та задоволеності навчальним процесом

Three-dimensional quantization of the electromagnetic field in dispersive and absorbing inhomogeneous dielectrics

A quantization scheme for the phenomenological Maxwell theory of the full electromagnetic field in an inhomogeneous three-dimensional, dispersive and absorbing dielectric medium is developed. The classical Maxwell equations with spatially varying and Kramers-Kronig consistent permittivity are regarded as operator-valued field equations, introducing additional current- and charge-density operator fields in order to take into account the noise associated with the dissipation in the medium. It is shown that the equal-time commutation relations between the fundamental electromagnetic fields $\hat E$ and $\hat B$ and the potentials $\hat A$ and $\hat \phi$ in the Coulomb gauge can be expressed in terms of the Green tensor of the classical problem. From the Green tensors for bulk material and an inhomogeneous medium consisting of two bulk dielectrics with a common planar interface it is explicitly proven that the well-known equal-time commutation relations of QED are preserved

Современные возможности консервативного и комбинированного лечения местнораспространенного рака гортани

The comparative analysis of results of conservative and combined treatment was carried out. The study group consisted of 400 patients with stage T3–4N0–3M0 laryngeal cancer who received concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy in combination with various physical radiomodifyers. The control group comprised 920 patients treated with the same technique but without systemic polychemotherapy. The 5-year relapse-free and overall survival rates were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group  (concervative treatment: 71 % and 86 % versus 37 % and 64.8 %, respectively, р<0,001 and combined treatment: 80 % and 83 % versus 47.4 % and 52 %, respectively(р<0,001). The functional organ was preserved in 71.2 % of locally advanced laryngeal cancer patients treated conservatively compared to 37.0 % of the control group patients. Oprgan-preserving surgeries were performed in 30.5% and 23%, respectively. The total number of patients with the larynx preservation was 50 % of the stydy group and 31.6 % of the control group.Проведен сравнительный анализ результатов консервативного и комбинированного лечения 400 больных (основная группа) раком гортани T3–4N0–3M0 стадии, которым применялась одновременная химиолучевая терапия в сочетании с различными физиче-скими радиомодификаторами и 920 пациентов (контрольная группа), пролеченных по аналогичным методикам, но без применения системной полихимиотерапии. Получено значимое повышение 5-летней безрецидивной и общей выживаемости в основной группе как при консервативном – 71 % и 86 %, в контрольной группе – 37 % (р<0,001) и 64,8 % (р<0,001), так и при комбинированном лечении – 80 % и 83 %, в контрольной группе – 47,4 % (р<0,001) и 52 % (р<0,001) соответственно. Сохранен функционирующий орган у 71,2 % больных местнораспространенным раком гортани при консервативном лечении по сравнению с 37,0 % в контроле, органосохраняющие хирургические вмешательства удалось провести у 30,5 % и 23,0 % пациентов соответственно. Всего гортань сохранена у 50 % больных основной группы, в  контрольной – у 31,6 %

Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: Resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Adaptive radiation, the evolution of ecological and phenotypic diversity from a common ancestor, is a central concept in evolutionary biology and characterizes the evolutionary histories of many groups of organisms. One such group is the Mustelidae, the most species-rich family within the mammalian order Carnivora, encompassing 59 species classified into 22 genera. Extant mustelids display extensive ecomorphological diversity, with different lineages having evolved into an array of adaptive zones, from fossorial badgers to semi-aquatic otters. Mustelids are also widely distributed, with multiple genera found on different continents. As with other groups that have undergone adaptive radiation, resolving the phylogenetic history of mustelids presents a number of challenges because ecomorphological convergence may potentially confound morphologically based phylogenetic inferences, and because adaptive radiations often include one or more periods of rapid cladogenesis that require a large amount of data to resolve.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We constructed a nearly complete generic-level phylogeny of the Mustelidae using a data matrix comprising 22 gene segments (~12,000 base pairs) analyzed with maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. We show that mustelids are consistently resolved with high nodal support into four major clades and three monotypic lineages. Using Bayesian dating techniques, we provide evidence that mustelids underwent two bursts of diversification that coincide with major paleoenvironmental and biotic changes that occurred during the Neogene and correspond with similar bursts of cladogenesis in other vertebrate groups. Biogeographical analyses indicate that most of the extant diversity of mustelids originated in Eurasia and mustelids have colonized Africa, North America and South America on multiple occasions.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Combined with information from the fossil record, our phylogenetic and dating analyses suggest that mustelid diversification may have been spurred by a combination of faunal turnover events and diversification at lower trophic levels, ultimately caused by climatically driven environmental changes. Our biogeographic analyses show Eurasia as the center of origin of mustelid diversity and that mustelids in Africa, North America and South America have been assembled over time largely via dispersal, which has important implications for understanding the ecology of mustelid communities.</p

Historical biogeography of the leopard (Panthera pardus) and its extinct Eurasian populations

Background: Resolving the historical biogeography of the leopard (Panthera pardus) is a complex issue, because patterns inferred from fossils and from molecular data lack congruence. Fossil evidence supports an African origin, and suggests that leopards were already present in Eurasia during the Early Pleistocene. Analysis of DNA sequences however, suggests a more recent, Middle Pleistocene shared ancestry of Asian and African leopards. These contrasting patterns led researchers to propose a two-stage hypothesis of leopard dispersal out of Africa: an initial Early Pleistocene colonisation of Asia and a subsequent replacement by a second colonisation wave during the Middle Pleistocene. The status of Late Pleistocene European leopards within this scenario is unclear: were these populations remnants of the first dispersal, or do the last surviving European leopards share more recent ancestry with their African counterparts? Results: In this study, we generate and analyse mitogenome sequences from historical samples that span the entire modern leopard distribution, as well as from Late Pleistocene remains. We find a deep bifurcation between African and Eurasian mitochondrial lineages (~ 710 Ka), with the European ancient samples as sister to all Asian lineages (~ 483 Ka). The modern and historical mainland Asian lineages share a relatively recent common ancestor (~ 122 Ka), and we find one Javan sample nested within these. Conclusions: The phylogenetic placement of the ancient European leopard as sister group to Asian leopards suggests that these populations originate from the same out-of-Africa dispersal which founded the Asian lineages. The coalescence time found for the mitochondrial lineages aligns well with the earliest undisputed fossils in Eurasia, and thus encourages a re-evaluation of the identification of the much older putative leopard fossils from the region. The relatively recent ancestry of all mainland Asian leopard lineages suggests that these populations underwent a severe population bottleneck during the Pleistocene. Finally, although only based on a single sample, the unexpected phylogenetic placement of the Javan leopard could be interpreted as evidence for exchange of mitochondrial lineages between Java and mainland Asia, calling for further investigation into the evolutionary history of this subspecies

Elgaecrinus uralicus gen. et sp. nov., a new crotalocrinitid (Crinoidea, Echinodermata) from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) of the Middle Urals

Elgaecrinus uralicus gen. et sp. nov. (Crotalocrinitidae, Crinoidea, Echinodermata), a reef-dwelling crinoid, is described from the Lochkovian (Lower Devonian) of the western slope of the Middle Urals. The arms of the new species are laterally fused in each radius and represent, as in the similar genus Crotalocrinites, uniform semi-mobile plates surrounding the central cavity above the oral surface in an en echelon series. This crown architecture allowed for feeding in rapidly changing turbulent currents characteristic of the reef zone