Directed Graph based Distributed Sequential Pattern Mining Using Hadoop MapReduce

Usual sequential pattern mining algorithms experiences the scalability problem when trade with very big data sets. In existing systems like PrefixSpan, UDDAG major time is needed to generate projected databases like prefix and suffix projected database from given sequential database. In DSPM (Distributed Sequential Pattern Mining) Directed Graph is introduced to generate prefix and suffix projected database which reduces the execution time for scanning large database. In UDDAG, for each unique id UDDAG is created to find next level sequential patterns. So it requires maximum storage for each UDDAG. In DSPM single directed graph is used to generate projected database and finding patterns. To improve the scanning time and scalability problem we introduce a distributed sequential pattern mining algorithm on Hadoop platform using MapReduce programming model. We use transformed database to reduce scanning time and directed graph to optimize the memory storage. Mapper is used to construct prefix and suffix projected databases for each length-1 frequent item parallel. The Reducer combines all intermediary outcomes to get final sequential patterns. Experiment results are compared against UDDAG, different values of minimum support, different massive data sets and with and without Hadoop platform which improves the scaling and speed performances. Experimental results show that DSPM using Hadoop MapReduce solves the scaling problem as well as storage problem of UDDAG. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15020

Cystatin C based eGFR - for early detection of diabetic kidney disease

Background: Diabetic kidney disease is the leading cause of premature death in young diabetic patients. Detection of diabetic kidney disease as early as possible in the disease process currently offers the best chance of delaying or possibly preventing progression to end-stage renal disease. The present study was aimed to evaluate utility of serum cystatin C based eGFR for early diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease.Methods: Diagnosed patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus having frank proteinuria were excluded. Patients without proteinuria were tested for microalbuminuria.  50 patients having microalbuminuria were tested for 24 hour urine creatinine, serum creatinine and serum cystatin C. Both cystatin C based eGFR and eGFR by Cockcroft and Gault equation were compared with standard GFR by 24 hour urine Creatinine clearance respectively.Results: There was statistically significant positive correlation between cystatin C based eGFR and standard GFR by 24 hr Creatinine clearance (r=0.87). For eGFR by Cockcroft-Gault equation, it was 0.36 (r=0.36).Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that serum cystatin C based eGFR  measurement is a useful, practical tool for the evaluation of renal involvement in the course of diabetes. As serum creatinine values are affected by many factors like age, sex, muscle mass and diet, serum cystatin C based eGFR estimation offers a hope that diabetic kidney disease can be well prevented with appropriate interventions

Ionic liquid catalyzed one pot green synthesis of isoxazolone derivatives via multicomponent reaction

459-464A series of 3-methyl-4-((3-aryl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)isoxazol-5(4H)-one derivatives have been efficiently synthesized by environmentally benign, one-pot three component condensation of substituted 1,3-diaryl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxyaldehyde, β-keto ester and hydroxyl amine hydrochloride in the presence of ionic liquid [HNMP][HSO4] as a catalyst in ethanol. These derivatives have been synthesized by conventional, ultrasound and microwave irradiation methods. The combination of ionic liquid with ultrasound as well as microwave irradiation makes the protocol fascinating and environmentally benign. In addition, it has several benefits such as simple work-up procedure, clean reaction profile, short reaction time and good yields

Investigation of Combustion Characteristics of a Cottonseed Biodiesel Fuelled Diesel Engine

AbstractDiesel engines are very well known for their high torque and high thermal efficiency. But, the increase in demand of energy, rapid depletion of fossil fuels and meeting the stringent emission regulations, the researchers take interest to derive the alternative fuels from renewable resources. Among from all the different alternative fuels, vegetable oil has potential to substitute the traditional diesel fuels. The well-established transesterification process is generally used for the production of biodiesel from vegetable oil. In transesterification process the tri-glycerides are converted into mono glycerides with the help of alcohol and catalyst under certain temperature. In the present research work cottonseed vegetable oil is used to produce biodiesel by transesterification process using methanol and KOH as catalyst. As diesel engine combustion is heterogeneous spray combustion, it is very complex phenomenon. The physico-chemical properties of biodiesel are slightly different from diesel fuel. It is very interesting to study the combustion characteristics of a cottonseed based biodiesel fuelled diesel engine. This was the main motivation to take up this study to understand and analyze the combustion characteristics of a cottonseed biodiesel fuelled diesel engine. The experiment was carried out on a single cylinder diesel engine for base diesel and cottonseed biodiesel blends (B5, B10, B15, and B20) as a fuel. The combustion characteristics such as ignition delay, start of combustion, premixed, diffusion and after burning combustion phases, end of combustion and combustion duration were analyzed and compared with base diesel. It was observed that ignition delay and maximum rate of pressure rise decreased with biodiesel as compared to base diesel due to higher cetane number of biodiesel blends which confirms the smooth running of the engine. Ignition delay decreased from 11°CA with base diesel to 6.5°CA with B20 biodiesel. The start of combustion was advanced with all biodiesel blends due to higher bulk modulus results in automatic advance in dynamic injection timing and lesser ignition delay. The combustion duration was longer with all biodiesel blends as compared to base diesel due to longer injection duration results in poor performance of the engine with biodiesel blends

A Review on Numerical Simulation and Comparison of Carbide and HSS Tool Wear Rate while Drilling with Difficult To Cut Super Alloy Titanium Based on Archard Model

A Carbide and HSS tool wear rate simulation using Archardˊs wear model is proposed, finite element modelling is done using commercial finite element software ABAQUS/explicit. ABAQUS interface was used to simulate the contact pressure. For measuring wear depth of tool's drilling operation is performed experimentally then wear depth is measured on profilprojecter. Comparing the wear rate, based on Archad model

Robust Digital Watermarking For Color Images Using Fuzzy Vault

The advent of the Internet has resulted in many new opportunities for the creation and delivery of content in digital form. Applications include electronic advertising, real-time video and audio delivery, digital repositories and libraries, and Web publishing. An important issue that arises in these applications is the protection of the rights of all participants. It has been recognized for quite some time that current copyright laws are inadequate for dealing with digital data. This has led to an interest towards developing new copy deterrence and protection mechanisms. One such effort that has been attracting increasing interest is based on digital watermarking techniques. Digital watermarking is the process of embedding information into digital multimedia content such that the information (the watermark) can later be extracted or detected for a variety of purposes including copy prevention and control. Digital watermarking has become an active and important area of research, and development. Key research problem that we still face today is the development of truly robust, transparent and secure watermarking technique for different digital media including images, video and audio. So we propose a new robust digital watermarking system based on DCT and fuzzy vault techniques

Variation in the Interactions among soil K+, Ca++, Mg++ and Na+ ions as influenced by the variety and rootstock in grape

A nutritional survey was conducted to study the influence of variety and rootstock on interactionamong K+, Ca++, Mg++and Na+ ions in grape during 2012-14. Soil cation contents did not correlatewith their respective contents in petioles indicating a strong antagonism among them. Quadraticrelationship of soil cations with the absorption (ratio of petiole content to soil content) of otherions revealed that the antagonism among cations was observed in case of soil K+ with Ca++ andNa+ absorption on 110R and Dog Ridge rootstocks, soil Ca+ with K+ and Mg++ and Na+ in Sonakavariety and Na+ in own rooted vines, soil Mg++ with Ca++ and Na+ also in own rooted vines; andNa++ with Ca++ and Mg++ respectively in 2A clone and Dog Ridge. Contrarily, increased absorptionof K+ by soil Ca++ on 110R, Na+ and K+ by soil Mg++ respectively in Sonaka and 110R, and Ca++by soil Na+ on Dog Ridge was also observed. All the soil cations together influenced K+ absorptionmost in Sonaka followed by Mg++ absorption in 2A clone, but Ca++ absorption on Dog Ridgefollowed by K+ on 110R

An Efficient and Green Procedure for the Preparation of Acylals from Aldehydes Catalyzed by Alum [KAl(SO4)2.12H2O]

Alum [KAl(SO4)2.12H2O] is an inexpensive, efficient, non-toxic and mild catalyst for the preparation of acylals from aromatic and heteroaryl aldehydes with acetic anhydride at room temperature under solvent-free conditions. This method gives remarkable advantages such as excellent chemoselectivity, mild reaction conditions, short reaction times and excellent yields, and offers a green synthetic solution by avoiding toxic catalysts and hazardous solvents.Keywords: Alum, acylals, aromatic and heteroaryl aldehydes, solvent-free synthesis, room temperatur