Challenges and prospects of the role of solid electrolytes in the revitalization of lithium metal batteries

The scientific community is continuously committed to the search for new high energy electrochemical storage devices. In this regard, lithium metal batteries, due to their very high electrochemical energy storage capacity, appear to be a highly appealing choice. Unfortunately, the use of lithium metal as the anode may lead to some safety hazards due to its uneven deposition upon charging, resulting in dendrite growth and eventual shorting of the battery. This issue may be successfully addressed by using intrinsically safer electrolytes capable of establishing a physical barrier at the electrode interface. The most promising candidates are solid electrolytes, either polymeric or inorganic. The main purpose of this review is to describe the present status of worldwide research on these electrolyte materials together with a critical discussion of their transport properties and compatibility with metallic lithium, hoping to provide some general guidelines for the development of innovative and safe lithium metal batterie

How much does size really matter? Exploring the limits of graphene as Li ion battery anode material

Abstract We unravel the role of flake dimensionality on the lithiation/de-lithiation processes and electrochemical performance of anodes based on few-(FLG) and multi-layer graphene (MLG) flakes prepared by liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) of pristine graphite. The flakes are sorted by lateral size (from 380 to 75 nm) and thickness from 20 (MLG) to 2 nm (FLG) exploiting a sedimentation-based separation in centrifugal field and, finally, deposited onto Cu disks for the realization of four binder-free anodes. The electrochemical results show that decreasing lateral size and thickness leads to an increase of the initial specific capacity from ≈590 to ≈1270mAhg −1 . However, an increasing irreversible capacity is also associated to the reduction of flakes' size. We find, in addition, that the preferential Li ions storage by adsorption rather than intercalation in small lateral size

Students’ Confidence and Interest in Palliative and Bereavement Care: A European Study

As part of a European Erasmus Plus project entitled Death Education for Palliative Psychology, this study assessed the ways in which Master’s Degree students in psychology and the creative arts therapies self-rated their confidence and interest in death education and palliative and bereavement care. In five countries (Austria, Israel, Italy, Poland, Romania), 344 students completed an online questionnaire, and 37 students were interviewed to better understand their views, interest, and confidence. The results revealed some significant differences between countries, and showed that older respondents with previous experience as formal caregivers for end-of-life clients showed greater interest in obtaining practical clinical competence in these fields. A mediation analysis indicated that students’ previous care experiences and past loss experiences were related to students’ current interest in death education and palliative and bereavement care through the mediation of their sense of confidence in this field. The qualitative findings identified five shared themes: life and death, learning about death, the psychological burden, personal experience and robust training, and four key training needs. Overall, students’ interest in studying and working with terminal illness and death are rooted in internal resources, a preliminary sense of confidence, but also external requirements

Ultrahigh Surface Area Three-Dimensional Porous Graphitic Carbon from Conjugated Polymeric Molecular Framework

Porous graphitic carbon is essential for many applications such as energy storage devices, catalysts, and sorbents. However, current graphitic carbons are limited by low conductivity, low surface area, and ineffective pore structure. Here we report a scalable synthesis of porous graphitic carbons using a conjugated polymeric molecular framework as precursor. The multivalent cross-linker and rigid conjugated framework help to maintain micro- and mesoporous structures, while promoting graphitization during carbonization and chemical activation. The above unique design results in a class of highly graphitic carbons at temperature as low as 800 ??C with record-high surface area (4073 m2 g-1), large pore volume (2.26 cm-3), and hierarchical pore architecture. Such carbons simultaneously exhibit electrical conductivity >3 times more than activated carbons, very high electrochemical activity at high mass loading, and high stability, as demonstrated by supercapacitors and lithium-sulfur batteries with excellent performance. Moreover, the synthesis can be readily tuned to make a broad range of graphitic carbons with desired structures and compositions for many applications.clos

Li1.5La1.5MO6 (M = W6+, Te6+) as a new series of lithium-rich double perovskites for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries

Solid-state batteries are a proposed route to safely achieving high energy densities, yet this architecture faces challenges arising from interfacial issues between the electrode and solid electrolyte. Here we develop a novel family of double perovskites, Li1.5La1.5MO6 (M = W6+, Te6+), where an uncommon lithium-ion distribution enables macroscopic ion diffusion and tailored design of the composition allows us to switch functionality to either a negative electrode or a solid electrolyte. Introduction of tungsten allows reversible lithium-ion intercalation below 1 V, enabling application as an anode (initial specific capacity >200 mAh g-1 with remarkably low volume change of ∼0.2%). By contrast, substitution of tungsten with tellurium induces redox stability, directing the functionality of the perovskite towards a solid-state electrolyte with electrochemical stability up to 5 V and a low activation energy barrier (<0.2 eV) for microscopic lithium-ion diffusion. Characterisation across multiple length- and time-scales allows interrogation of the structure-property relationships in these materials and preliminary examination of a solid-state cell employing both compositions suggests lattice-matching avenues show promise for all-solid-state batteries

VICENTE ARAÑA SAAVEDRA - JOSÉ LÓPEZ RUIZ: VULCANISMO, DINAMICA Y PETROLOGIA DE SUS PRODUCTOS

Esta nota corresponde a resumen del libro Vulcanismo, Dinámica y petrología de sus productos de ediciones Istmo, Madrid, España, 1974 de 1481 páginas

JOURNAL OF VULCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH

Resumen biblográfico de revista Vulcanology and Geotherma

BULLETIN VULCANOLOGIQUE

Esta nota corresponde al BULLETIN VULCANOLOGIQUE de Journal of the International Association Of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earths Interior, of the International Union of Geolosy and Geoghysicas. Editor: Dr. Esu Cugusi, Centro di Studio per la geologia técnica, CNR Instituto di Geologia Applicata, Via Budossiana, 18-00184 Roma, Italia

LAS ERUPCIONES DEL VOLCAN ARENAL, COSTA RICA

En este articulo hemos considerado el Volcán Arenal, como un ejemplo típico en America Central del vulcanismo explosivo basalticoandesitico. Presentamos en la primera parte una teoría general de los procesos que se encuentran  en el volcanismo explosivo, distinguiendo en primer lugar los productos de las erupciones, y en segundo lugar la combinación de los hechos eruptivos con las leyes de la mecánica de los fluidos. Esta combinación es muy eficiente para explicar las estructuras físicas de las erupciones y al mismo tiempo revela una gran complejidad de los problemas geofísicos, geoquímicos y fluido-mecánicos, que se son el fundamento del volcanismo. En la segunda parte parte enfocamos la actividad del Arenal en el contexto de la tectónica regional, haciendo al mismo tiempo un análisis detallado de la evolución de los cráteres y migración de la actividad. La estructura y dinámica de las varias unidades de flujo que constituyen el campo lávico  fueron explicadas de acuerdo a los principios aplicables a los fluidos no newtonianos andesitico y, en particular, de este volcán

INFORME SOBRE LA PARTICIPACION EN LA QUINTA REUNION DE GEOLOGOS DE AMERICA CENTRAL EN MANAGUA. NICARAGUA

Esta nota corresponde a un informe sobre la participación en la quinta Reunión de Geólogos de América Central en Managua, Nicaragua