750 research outputs found
Line Arrester Application on a 110 kV High Alpine Overhead Line to reduce Lightning-Caused Outages
This contribution discusses a project, which aims to increase the reliability in an existing
110 kV overhead transmission network by taking measures addressing lightning and
grounding issues. Due to the fault statistic in the past, a single overhead line was identified as
a main reason for the lightning-caused outages in the area. In this work a number of
possibilities for the reduction of lightning-caused outages are discussed and the measures
taken in the network are described. All considerations took the special geographical situation
of 2300 meter above sea level, the grounding resistance of up to 1200 Ohm and the local
lightning activity of more than 6 lightning strikes per kmÂČ and year into account (4 to 5 times
higher than in other Austrian regions).
An analytical process was carried out to evaluate relevant parameters and to develop a
concept of practical measures. Within these evaluations, the footing resistance, the
effectiveness of the shielding angle of the shielding wires and the line arrester locations were
analyzed. A multiplicity of numerical calculations were performed to assess the application of
surge arresters regarding the insulation coordination for the system. To improve the line
performance and to decrease the line outage rate, a number of practical measures were applied
to the 110 kV line. In the past, the double three phase systems of the 110 kV overhead line
was constructional converted into one active single three phase system with two additional
earth wires. According to the numerical results, 18 surge arresters have been installed in a line
section of 9 towers, located in a high alpine part and in an area of high lightning activity.
Three years of field experiences have shown that the theoretical investigations and the
practical measures led to a significant decrease of lightning caused outages.
In the year 2007 a new project was started to evaluate a reconstruction of the line into the
original double three phase system. New numerical calculation routines were made to apply
line arresters at this important 110 kV system in an Austrian extreme mountain region. Based
on this results, a new application of line arresters and the constructional change of the system
is planned
A parametric study on the axial behaviour of elastomeric isolators in multi-span bridges subjected to horizontal seismic excitations
This paper investigates the potential tensile loads and buckling effects on rubber-steel laminated bearings on bridges. These isolation bearings are typically used to support the deck on the piers and the abutments and reduce the effects of seismic loads and thermal effects on bridges. When positive means of fixing of the bearings to the deck and substructures are provided using bolts, the isolators are exposed to the possibility of tensile loads that may not meet the code limits. The uplift potential is increased when the bearings are placed eccentrically with respect to the pier axis such as in multi-span simply supported bridge decks. This particular isolator configuration may also result in excessive compressive loads, leading to bearing buckling or in the attainment of other unfavourable limit states for the bearings. In this paper, an extended computer-aided study is conducted on typical isolated bridge systems with multi-span simply-supported deck spans, showing that elastomeric bearings might undergo tensile stresses or exhibit buckling effects under certain design situations. It is shown that these unfavourable conditions can be avoided with the rational design of the bearing properties and in particular of the shape factor, which is the geometrical parameter controlling the axial bearing stiffness and capacity for a given shear stiffness. Alternatively, the unfavourable conditions could be reduced by reducing the flexural stiffness of the continuity slab
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Working time regimes: A panel discussion on continuing problems
This article records a panel discussion at the Organizational Working Time Regimes conference on 31 March 2017 at the University of Graz, Austria. The discussion was moderated by Sara Louise Muhr and the panelists were Jana Costas, Susanne Ekman, Laura Empson and Dan KĂ€rreman. The discussion both departed from yet centred on the concept of time itself: how we understand time as academics, employees and managers, and how the notion of time guides and controls all of us in various ways. Through the different perspectives that the panelists have on time and work regimes, it became evident that time â and discussions of time â is complex and context-dependent and needs to be researched as such. The discussion passionately weaved in and out of key questions on work intensification, inequality regimes and resistance to working time regimes that are deeply entwined with dynamic dialectics such as personal/professional, past/future, individual/organizational, worker/leader, good/bad. The panel in this way takes the reader through difficult discussions about what is âextremeâ, for whom is it extreme and what interventions (if any) can be made by academics. Doing so, the panelists sensitively drew attention to our own line of work, academia, and the work regimes controlling academics
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF PRESSBOARD AND THE INFLUENCE OF MOISTURE CONTENT
The electrical conductivity Ï is an important parameter for material condition evaluation at AC
applications and is responsible for electrical field distribution in DC equipment. With a focus on HVDC
equipment design, the influence of moisture content in oil-impregnated pressboard is determined in this
preliminary investigation. The electrical conductivity of pressboard samples, which have been wetted
artificially in the laboratory, is investigated within this work. Moisture contents between <0,3% and 5,5%
could be achieved artificially through increasing pressboard moisture content levels in a climate chamber.
The electrical conductivity was determined by voltage-current measurements at 20°C in the style of
IEC 60093 with measurement times up to and longer than 24 hours. For these investigations, the
pressboard samples with a thickness of 1 mm have been placed in an (mineral) oil-filled test vessel and
stressed by a DC field with E = 3 kV/mm.
It could be demonstrated that the moisture content of pressboard has a strong influence onto the
electrical conductivity: An increase of electrical conductivity by a factor of around 10 for each percentage
point of moisture increase up to moisture levels of around 3,5% was observed. At higher moisture
contents (>5%), other mechanisms seem to govern the electrical current and the conductivity
respectively, which is also discussed within the work
Bayesian calibration of a soil organic carbon model using Î<sup>14</sup>C measurements of soil organic carbon and heterotrophic respiration as joint constraints
Soils of temperate forests store significant amounts of organic matter and
are considered to be net sinks of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>. Soil organic carbon
(SOC) turnover has been studied using the Î<sup>14</sup>C values of bulk SOC
or different SOC fractions as observational constraints in SOC models.
Further, the Î<sup>14</sup>C values of CO<sub>2</sub> that evolved during the
incubation of soil and roots have been widely used together with
Î<sup>14</sup>C of total soil respiration to partition soil respiration into
heterotrophic respiration (HR) and rhizosphere respiration. However, these
data have not been used as joint observational constraints to determine SOC
turnover times. Thus, we focus on (1) how different combinations of
observational constraints help to narrow estimates of turnover times and
other parameters of a simple two-pool model, the Introductory Carbon Balance
Model (ICBM); (2) whether relaxing the steady-state assumption in a multiple
constraints approach allows the source/sink strength of the soil to be
determined while estimating turnover times at the same time. To this end ICBM
was adapted to model SOC and SO<sup>14</sup>C in parallel with
litterfall and the Î<sup>14</sup>C of litterfall as driving variables. The
Î<sup>14</sup>C of the atmosphere with its prominent bomb peak was used as a
proxy for the Î<sup>14</sup>C of litterfall. Data from three spruce-dominated
temperate forests in Germany and the USA (Coulissenhieb II, Solling D0 and
Howland Tower site) were used to estimate the parameters of ICBM via Bayesian
calibration. Key findings are as follows: (1) the joint use of all four
observational constraints (SOC stock and its Î<sup>14</sup>C, HR flux and its
Î<sup>14</sup>C) helped to considerably narrow turnover times of the young
pool (primarily by Î<sup>14</sup>C of HR) and the old pool (primarily by
Î<sup>14</sup>C of SOC). Furthermore, the joint use of all observational
constraints made it possible to constrain the humification factor in ICBM,
which describes the fraction of the annual outflux from the young pool that
enters the old pool. The Bayesian parameter estimation yielded the following
turnover times (mean ± standard deviation) for SOC in the young pool:
Coulissenhieb II 1.1 ± 0.5 years, Solling D0 5.7 ± 0.8 years and
Howland Tower 0.8 ± 0.4 years. Turnover times for the old pool were
377 ± 61 years (Coulissenhieb II), 313 ± 66 years (Solling D0)
and 184 ± 42 years (Howland Tower), respectively. (2) At all three
sites the multiple constraints approach was not able to determine if the soil
has been losing or storing carbon. Nevertheless, the relaxed steady-state
assumption hardly introduced any additional uncertainty for the other
parameter estimates. Overall the results suggest that using Î<sup>14</sup>C
data from more than one carbon pool or flux helps to better constrain SOC
models
Doing Biopolitics Differently? Radical Potential in the Post-2015 MDG and SDG Debates
Post print On institutional repository or subject-based repository after a 18 months embargo, withdraw
Venezuela e ALBA: regionalismo contra-hegemĂŽnico e ensino superior para todos
Partindo de um quadro teĂłrico neo-gramsciano crĂtico Ă globalização, este artigo aplica a nova teoria do regionalismo (NTR) e a teoria do regionalismo regulatĂłrio (TRR) Ă sua anĂĄlise e teorização dos tratados de comĂ©rcio da Aliança Bolivariana para os Povos da Nossa AmĂ©rica (ALBA-TCP) como regionalismo contra-hegemĂŽnico na AmĂ©rica Latina e Caribe (ALC). A ALBA estĂĄ centrada na ideia de um Socialismo do SĂ©culo XXI, que, como (inicialmente) tambĂ©m a Revolução Bolivariana da Venezuela, substitui a 'vantagem competitiva' pela 'vantagem cooperativa'. Em seu carĂĄter de conjunto de processos multidimensionais e transnacionais a ALBA-TCP opera dentro de/transversalmente a um nĂșmero de setores e escalas, ao mesmo passo que as transformaçÔes estruturais sĂŁo movidas pela interação de agentes do Estado e agentes nĂŁo estatais. A polĂtica de Educação Superior para Todos (ESPT) do governo venezuelano rejeita a agenda neoliberal globalizada de mercadorização, privatização e elitismo e reinvindica educação pĂșblica gratuita em todos os nĂveis como um direito humano fundamental. A ESPT estĂĄ sendo regionalizado em um espaço educacional emergente da ALBA e assume um papel-chave nos processos de democracia direta e participatĂłria, dos quais a construção popular (bottom-up) da contra-hegemonia e a redefinição polĂtica e econĂŽmica da ALC dependem. Antes de produzir sujeitos empreendedores conformes ao capitalismo global, a ESPT procura formar subjetividades ao longo de valores morais de solidariedade e cooperação. Isso serĂĄ ilustrado com referĂȘncia a um estudo etnogrĂĄfico de caso da Universidade Bolivariana da Venezuela (UBV).This paper employs new regionalism theory and regulatory regionalism theory in its analysis and theorisation of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA) as a counter-hegemonic Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) regionalism. As (initially) the regionalisation of Venezuela's Bolivarian Revolution, ALBA is centred around the idea of a 21st Century Socialism that replaces the 'competitive advantage' with the 'cooperative advantage'. ALBA, as a set of multi-dimensional inter- and transnational processes, operates within and across a range of sectors and scales whilst the structural transformations are driven by the interplay of state and non-state actors. The Venezuelan government's Higher Education For All (HEFA) policy, which is being regionalised within an emergent ALBA education space, assumes a key role in the direct democratic and participatory democratic processes upon which a bottom-up construction of counter-hegemony depends. HEFA challenges the globalised neoliberal higher education agenda of commoditisation, privatisation and elitism. Rather than producing enterprising subjects fashioned for global capitalism, HEFA seeks to form subjectivities along the moral values of solidarity and cooperation
Coronal Shock Waves, EUV waves, and their Relation to CMEs. II. Modeling MHD Shock Wave Propagation Along the Solar Surface, Using Nonlinear Geometrical Acoustics
We model the propagation of a coronal shock wave, using nonlinear geometrical
acoustics. The method is based on the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approach
and takes into account the main properties of nonlinear waves: i) dependence of
the wave front velocity on the wave amplitude, ii) nonlinear dissipation of the
wave energy, and iii) progressive increase in the duration of solitary shock
waves. We address the method in detail and present results of the modeling of
the propagation of shock-associated extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) waves as well as
Moreton waves along the solar surface in the simplest solar corona model. The
calculations reveal deceleration and lengthening of the waves. In contrast,
waves considered in the linear approximation keep their length unchanged and
slightly accelerate.Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Solar Physic
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