Control of parameters of a porcine artificial insemination center

El uso de la inseminación artificial en España ha experimentado un gran crecimiento en estos últimos años. Conjuntamente ha crecido el número de centros de inseminación artificial (CIA) independientes o adosados a las explotaciones. Para rentabilizar al máximo dichos centros, se hace imprescindible una buena gestión, para el control de las condiciones ambientales donde se alojan los verracos, el estatus sanitario de los mismos, así como un seguimiento de la producción y calidad del semen. Con el fin de obtener dosis seminales con calidad y concentración adecuadas se pueden aplicar factores de corrección, en base a los diferentes parámetros espermáticos posibles de evaluar en un CIA, y así obtener un número adecuado de dosis inseminantes de cada verraco Así mismo, se hace necesario -realizar la programación del trabajo diario y maximizar la rentabilidad, controlando el ritmo de extracción de semen y optimizando el balance de dosis producidas, vendidas y desechadas. Cabe remarcar que la buena gestión de un CIA se facilita con el uso de programas informáticos.Artificial insemination has greatly developed in Spain in the past years. At the same time the number of artificial insemination centres (MC) has increased within the farms and independently. Good management is essential to render these centres profitable. Important factors are: environmental control, housing of the animals, health status and production and quality of semen. In order to get semen of high quality, correction factors based on the parameters which can be applied to semen evaluation in an AIC may be used. It is advisable tu establish a daily routine tu maximize rentability, control the collection rate and tu optimize the balance between semen obtained sold and wasted. Informatization of the AIC makes a good management easier.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Control of parameters of a porcine artificial insemination center

El uso de la inseminación artificial en España ha experimentado un gran crecimiento en estos últimos años. Conjuntamente ha crecido el número de centros de inseminación artificial (CIA) independientes o adosados a las explotaciones. Para rentabilizar al máximo dichos centros, se hace imprescindible una buena gestión, para el control de las condiciones ambientales donde se alojan los verracos, el estatus sanitario de los mismos, así como un seguimiento de la producción y calidad del semen. Con el fin de obtener dosis seminales con calidad y concentración adecuadas se pueden aplicar factores de corrección, en base a los diferentes parámetros espermáticos posibles de evaluar en un CIA, y así obtener un número adecuado de dosis inseminantes de cada verraco Así mismo, se hace necesario -realizar la programación del trabajo diario y maximizar la rentabilidad, controlando el ritmo de extracción de semen y optimizando el balance de dosis producidas, vendidas y desechadas. Cabe remarcar que la buena gestión de un CIA se facilita con el uso de programas informáticos.Artificial insemination has greatly developed in Spain in the past years. At the same time the number of artificial insemination centres (MC) has increased within the farms and independently. Good management is essential to render these centres profitable. Important factors are: environmental control, housing of the animals, health status and production and quality of semen. In order to get semen of high quality, correction factors based on the parameters which can be applied to semen evaluation in an AIC may be used. It is advisable tu establish a daily routine tu maximize rentability, control the collection rate and tu optimize the balance between semen obtained sold and wasted. Informatization of the AIC makes a good management easier.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Dietary α‐Linolenic Acid, Marine ω‐3 Fatty Acids, and Mortality in a Population With High Fish Consumption: Findings From the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) Study

Background: Epidemiological evidence suggests a cardioprotective role of α‐linolenic acid (ALA), a plant‐derived ω‐3 fatty acid. It is unclear whether ALA is beneficial in a background of high marine ω‐3 fatty acids (long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) intake. In persons at high cardiovascular risk from Spain, a country in which fish consumption is customarily high, we investigated whether meeting the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids recommendation for dietary ALA (0.7% of total energy) at baseline was related to all‐cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. We also examined the effect of meeting the society's recommendation for long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (≥500 mg/day). Methods and Results: We longitudinally evaluated 7202 participants in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) trial. Multivariable‐adjusted Cox regression models were fitted to estimate hazard ratios. ALA intake correlated to walnut consumption (r=0.94). During a 5.9‐y follow‐up, 431 deaths occurred (104 cardiovascular disease, 55 coronary heart disease, 32 sudden cardiac death, 25 stroke). The hazard ratios for meeting ALA recommendation (n=1615, 22.4%) were 0.72 (95% CI 0.56–0.92) for all‐cause mortality and 0.95 (95% CI 0.58–1.57) for fatal cardiovascular disease. The hazard ratios for meeting the recommendation for long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n=5452, 75.7%) were 0.84 (95% CI 0.67–1.05) for all‐cause mortality, 0.61 (95% CI 0.39–0.96) for fatal cardiovascular disease, 0.54 (95% CI 0.29–0.99) for fatal coronary heart disease, and 0.49 (95% CI 0.22–1.01) for sudden cardiac death. The highest reduction in all‐cause mortality occurred in participants meeting both recommendations (hazard ratio 0.63 [95% CI 0.45–0.87]). Conclusions: In participants without prior cardiovascular disease and high fish consumption, dietary ALA, supplied mainly by walnuts and olive oil, relates inversely to all‐cause mortality, whereas protection from cardiac mortality is limited to fish‐derived long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.Controlled-trials.com/. Unique identifier: ISRCTN35739639

Fases previa y postcongelación del semen de verraco en pajillas de 5 ml y capacidad de fecundación de los espermatozoides

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the previous and later phases to the freezing of the boar semen in straws of 5 ml about the fecundation capacity in vitro (IVF) of the sperms. 21 ejaculated of seven different animals were used to, compared fresh semen, treaty (semen with all the necessary components to carry out the freezing, before being subjected to the phase of vapors of liquid nitrogen) and semen frozen in straws of 5 ml. The results were 93.81, 87.23 and 78.47 % of spermatic penetration; 81.57, 76.44 and 69.11 % monospermy; 12.24, 10.79 and 9.36 % polyspermy; 84.76, 84.28 and 47.14 % of motility; 79.76, 73.33 and 44.81 % of normal acrosomes (NAR) for fresh semen, treaty and thawed, respectively. When carrying out the variance analysis and the multiple comparisons test, they were differences statistically significant (p<0.05) among fresh semen, treaty and thawed. Therefore, the decrease in the answer of the sperms to the IVF is already observed from the previous phase to the freezing. However, the results obtained with the IVF monospermyc, are promising for the use of the hog thawed semen in the artificial inseminationEl objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el efecto de las fases previa y posterior a la congelación del semen de verraco en pajillas de 5 ml sobre la capacidad de fecundación in vitro (FIV) de los espermatozoides. Se utilizaron 21 eyaculados de siete animales diferentes, se compararon semen fresco, tratado (semen con todos los componentes necesarios para llevar a cabo la congelación, antes de ser sometido a la fase de vapores de nitrógeno líquido) y semen congelado en pajillas de 5 ml. Los resultados obtenidos fueron 93.81, 87.23 y 78.47 % de penetración espermática; 81.57, 76.44 y 69.11 % de monospermia; 12.24, 10.79 y 9.36 % de polispermia; 84.76, 84.28 y 47.14 % de motilidad; 79.76, 73.33 y 44.81 % de acrosomas normales (NAR) para semen fresco, tratado y descongelado, respectivamente. Al realizar el análisis de varianza y la prueba de comparaciones múltiples, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0.05) entre semen fresco, tratado y descongelado. Por lo tanto, la disminución en la respuesta de los espermatozoides a la FIV ya se observa desde la fase previa a la congelación. Sin embargo, los resultados obtenidos con la FIV monospérmica, son prometedores para el uso del semen de verraco descongelado en la inseminación artificial

Effect of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) on development of porcine fertilized ova in vitro

Fertilized pig ova, collected from 14 estrus-synchronized gilts 32 h after presumed ovulation were microinjected or cultured for 72 h in Beltsville Embryo Culture Medium-3 with or without Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV). To detect virus in the samples, virus isolation of swine alveolar macrophage, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction and Fluorescent Antibody techniques were employed. Microinjection or incubation of embryos with PRRSV did not significantly inhibit development of the porcine embryos in vitro when compared with that of controls (P=0.75 and P=0.14, respectively). Although either 10 to 20 TCID50 were microinjected or large concentrations of virus were used for embryo exposure by incubation, PRRSV was not detected in association with the embryos. It is concluded based on the experiments reported here that 4- to 16-cell stage pig embryos are not susceptible to productive infection with PRRSV in vitro

Exposure of gilts in early gestation to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Twenty-five gilts without measurable serum antibody titres to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) were identified and 16 were inoculated with PRRSV at seven, 14 or 21 days of gestation and killed 20 to 22 days later to determine the effect of the virus on their embryos. The remaining nine gilts were not exposed to PRRSV, but were killed at the same stages of gestation. The gilts were observed for clinical signs of infection and the gilts and their embryos were tested for PRRSV and homologous antibodies. The infection was demonstrated by the re-isolation of the virus and its detection by the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in serum and other tissue samples from the inoculated gilts, and also by seroconversion. However, the gilts remained healthy throughout the study, except for one which was depressed and anorexic for two days. Two of the litters from the gilts challenged with PRRSV on day 14 of gestation contained one and three infected live embryos; the other embryos from these two litters did not contain detectable virus, although most of the embryos in one of the litters were dead. The other nine litters from the gilts challenged with PRRSV and the control litters, showed no evidence of infection

Comparação entre diferentes métodos de inseminação artificial em suínos Comparison between different methods of artificial insemination in swine

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar três métodos de inseminação artificial(IA) no suíno em relação ao tempo de infusão e perdas por refluxo da DI durante a IA e aos 120 minutos após a IA, bem como dados de operacionalidade medido pelo grau de dificuldade verificado para execução da IA e dados de desempenho reprodutivo. Foram utilizadas 604 matrizes até a parição 7 e IDE < 7 dias. As fêmeas foram inseminadas em 3 tratamentos: T1= método auto IA com pipetas longas lameladas (Supertip®), sêmen acondicionado em flexitubos® e aparato de IA constituído por uma cinta abdominal e uma mala dorsal; T2= método intermediário, pipetas Supertip®, flexitubos® e sem aparato de IA; T3= método tradicional, pipetas tipo Melrose, sêmen acondicionado em bisnagas e sem aparato de IA, onde o tempo de IA ficou atrelado ao desempenho do funcionário. O tempo médio de IA foi diferente (P<0,02) entre os três tratamentos (1,7&plusmn;1,6; 2,2&plusmn;1,8 e 3,6&plusmn;1,1 minutos para T1, T2 e T3 respectivamente). Em uma parte dos animais (108 fêmeas distribuídas nos 3 tratamentos) foram coletados os refluxos até 120 minutos transcorridos das IAs por meio de uma bolsa de colostomia fixada na vulva . O volume de refluxo durante a IA foi maior (P<0,02) em T1 (7,7&plusmn;13,5mL) quando comparado a T3 (5,8&plusmn;10,8mL). Não foram verificadas diferenças entre os tratamentos no número de espermatozóides eliminados por refluxo até 120 minutos após a IA. Independentemente do tratamento, em torno de 70% do volume e 30% do total de espermatozóides contidos na DI foram eliminados por refluxo em até duas horas após a IA. Na avaliação do grau de dificuldade, foi verificado que, no T1= 85,6%, no T2= 92,9 e no T3= 97,7% das fêmeas tiveram suas inseminações concluídas com até uma intervenção (P<0,05 entre todos os tratamentos). Com relação as taxas de retornos ao estro, taxa de parto ajustada e número de leitões nascidos não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos (P>0,05). As taxas de retorno ao estro foram 10,3, 7,4 e 8,5 %, a taxa de parto ajustada foi de 90,8, 94,0 e 91,7% com 10,9, 11,1 e 11,1 leitões nascidos totais em T1, T2 e T3, respectivamente. O método auto IA e o método intermediário proporcionam IAs mais rápidas e podem substituir o método tradicional sem prejuízos ao desempenho reprodutivo.<br>This study was performed to compare the Hands-free insemination method, i.e., the high degree automation procedure, with an intermediate method, which allows less participation of the inseminator during the application of the inseminating dose (ID), and the conventional method, which is widely used in Brazil. The comparison was based on infusion time and losses due to semen backflow during AI and 120 minutes after AI, degree of difficulty experienced during AI procedure, and reproductive performance data. A number of 604 sows on the parity up to 7 and a weaning to estrus interval < 7 days were used. Females were distributed into 3 treatments: T1= hands-free AI method, with long coilable shaft pipettes (Supertip®), semen stored in flexitubes® and AI device consisting of an abdominal belt and a saddlebag; T2= intermediate method, Supertip® pipettes, flexitubes®, without AI device; T3= traditional method, Melrose-type pipettes, semen stored in tubs, without AI device. AI time was associated with the inseminator’s performance. The average AI time was different (P<0.02) among treatments (1.7&plusmn;1.6; 2.2&plusmn;1.8 e 3.6&plusmn;1.1 minutes for T1, T2 and T3 respectively). One hundred eight sows distributed into the three treatments, had the semen backflow collected up to 120 minutes after AI in a colostomy bag fixed by the vulva. Semen backflow volume during AI was higher (P<0.02) in T1 (7.7&plusmn;13.5 mL) as compared to T3 (5.8&plusmn;10.8 mL). There were no differences among treatments in the number of spermatozoa eliminated by semen backflow up to 120 minutes after AI. Regardless of the treatment, nearly 70% of the volume and 30% of the total spermatozoa contained in the ID were eliminated by semen backflow up to 2 hours after AI. Concerning the degree of difficulty of the AI procedure, 85.6%, 92.9 and 97.7% of T1, T2 and T3 females were inseminated with up to 1 intervention (P<0,05 between all treatments). There were no differences among treatments (P>0.05) in return to estrus rate, adjusted farrowing rate and number of born piglets. The return to estrus rates were 10.3, 7.4 and 8.5%, adjusted farrowing rates were 90.8, 94.0 and 91.7%, with 10.9, 11.1 e 11.1 total born piglets in T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The Hands free method and the intermediate method allowed faster AI and can replace the traditional method without influence on the reproductive performance