Synthesis of N2, N4-bis(4-nitro-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-N6-aryl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine as biological Agents

Some novel N2,N4-bis(4-nitro-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-N6-aryl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine have been synthesized (1-14). The products tested for their antibacterial activity against gram (+)ve and gram (-)ve bacteria. Introduction of –OH, -NO2, -Cl and –Br groups to the heterocyclic frame work enhanced antibacterial activities and antifungal activities

Will Herbal-Paracetamol \u3cem\u3eCombination\u3c/em\u3e Drug Prevent both Liver and Kidney Disease? - Results and Possibilities

An attempt has been made to briefly review the existing information on herbal compounds which could combat acetaminophen (paracetamol) toxicity. A careful perusal of literature revealed that acetaminophen overdose not only damages liver but also the kidney. Nevertheless, the kidney was badly ignored in studies aimed at preventing paracetamol toxicity with herbal drugs. On account of such major neglect, so far no herbal-paracetamol combination could be made. Milk thistly is only well researched drug which appears as a suitable future candidate, but its action towards the kidney must be studied. The importance of such studies in the future is discussed

Hybrid topological guiding mechanisms for photonic crystal fibers

We create hybrid topological-photonic localisation of light by introducing concepts from the field of topological matter to that of photonic crystal fiber arrays. S-polarized obliquely propagating electromagnetic waves are guided by hexagonal, and square, lattice topological systems along an array of infinitely conducting fibers. The theory utilises perfectly periodic arrays that, in frequency space, have gapped Dirac cones producing band gaps demarcated by pronounced valleys locally imbued with a nonzero local topological quantity. These broken symmetry-induced stop-bands allow for localised guidance of electromagnetic edge-waves along the crystal fiber axis. Finite element simulations, complemented by asymptotic techniques, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed designs for localising energy in finite arrays in a robust manner

Community Health Workers: Implementing a System in Kentucky

A Community Health Worker (CHW) is a frontline public health worker who is a trusted member of and/or has an unusually close understanding of the community served. This trusting relationship enables the CHW to serve as a liaison/link/intermediary between health/social services and the community to facilitate access to services and improve the quality and cultural competence of service delivery. A CHW also builds individual and community capacity by increasing health knowledge and self-sufficiency through a range of activities such as outreach, community education, informal counseling, social support and advocacy. (American Public Health Association) Recognized as professional members of the health care workforce who effectively address social determinants of health and reduce health disparities (US Department of Health and Human Services) Roles and Responsibilities: Outreach and community mobilization Community/cultural liaison Case management and care coordination Home-based support Health promotion and health coaching System navigation Participatory researc

Endogenous transforming growth factor β1 suppresses inflammation and promotes survival in adult CNS

Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) is a pleiotropic cytokine with potent neurotrophic and immunosuppressive properties that is upregulated after injury, but also expressed in the normal nervous system. In the current study, we examined the regulation of TGFβ1 and the effects of TGFβ1 deletion on cellular response in the uninjured adult brain and in the injured and regenerating facial motor nucleus. To avoid lethal autoimmune inflammation within 3 weeks after birth in TGFβ1-deficient mice, this study was performed on a T- and B-cell-deficient RAG2-/- background. Compared with wild-type siblings, homozygous deletion of TGFβ1 resulted in an extensive inflammatory response in otherwise uninjured brain parenchyma. Astrocytes increased in GFAP and CD44 immunoreactivity; microglia showed proliferative activity, expression of phagocytosis-associated markers [αXβ2, B7.2, and MHC1 (major histocompatibility complex type 1)], and reduced branching. Ultrastructural analysis revealed focal blockade of axonal transport, perinodal damming of axonal organelles, focal demyelination, and myelin debris in granule-rich, phagocytic microglia. After facial axotomy, absence of TGFβ1 led to a fourfold increase in neuronal cell death (52 vs 13%), decreased central axonal sprouting, and significant delay in functional recovery. It also interfered with the microglial response, resulting in a diminished expression of early activation markers [ICAM1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1), α6β1, and αMβ2] and reduced proliferation. In line with axonal and glial findings in the otherwise uninjured CNS, absence of endogenous TGFβ1 also caused an ∼10% reduction in the number of normal motoneurons, pointing to an ongoing and potent trophic role of this anti-inflammatory cytokine in the normal as well as in the injured brain. Copyright © 2007 Society for Neuroscience

Experimental observations of topologically guided water waves within non-hexagonal structures

We investigate symmetry-protected topological water waves within a strategically engineered square lattice system. Thus far, symmetry-protected topological modes in hexagonal systems have primarily been studied in electromagnetism and acoustics, i.e. dispersionless media. Herein, we show experimentally how crucial geometrical properties of square structures allow for topological transport that is ordinarily forbidden within conventional hexagonal structures. We perform numerical simulations that take into account the inherent dispersion within water waves and devise a topological insulator that supports symmetry-protected transport along the domain walls. Our measurements, viewed with a high-speed camera under stroboscopic illumination, unambiguously demonstrate the valley-locked transport of water waves within a non-hexagonal structure. Due to the tunability of the energy's directionality by geometry, our results could be used for developing highly-efficient energy harvesters, filters and beam-splitters within dispersive media

Direct Maxillary Sinus Lift for Single Tooth Implant: A Clinical Study

Purpose: The aim of the study is to evaluate clinically and radiographically the long-term success of one-stage direct (lateral) sinus lift procedure using alloplastic bone graft material and bio-absorbable membrane in conjunction with two stage implant placement in atrophic partially edentulous posterior maxilla. Materials and methods: One stage direct maxillary sinus lift in conjunction with two stage implant placement was carried out in 10 patients at 11 sites. All the patients were partially edentulous with posterior maxillary alveolar ridge height of > 5 mm and were in the age group of 20 to 50 years. Bioactive glass putty, bio-absorbable collagen membrane and 3.75 × 11.5 mm implants were used. Patients were evaluated clinically and radio-graphically for 18 months after placement of implants at intervals of 6 months to assess increase in residual ridge height, peri-implant condition (marginal bone loss, plaque and gingival index) and implant stability. Results: Maxillary first molar was the most common site (72.72%) for sinus lift and implant placement. Caries was the most common cause (90.90%) for loss of tooth. Increase in residual ridge height ranged from (71.43-133.33%) as measured by Denta-Scan. Implant survival rate was 100%. Marginal bone loss ranged from (0.6-1.2 mm). Implant stability was measured by periotest (–2 to –6). Only one patient had perforation of sinus membrane, but it was sealed satisfactorily by bio-absorable membrane. Conclusion: One stage lateral sinus lift procedure with alloplastic bone graft material in combination with 2 stage implant placement has a predictable outcome in patients with severe resorption of posterior maxilla

Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in UK Children <1 Year of Age in the Post–13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Era: What Are the Risks Now?

Background Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) has declined significantly since the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs). It is not known whether certain infant populations remain at higher risk of IPD in countries with established 13-valent PCV (PCV13) programs. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, serotype distribution, and outcomes of IPD in infants, and to estimate the relative risk of PCV13-type, non-PCV13-type, and overall IPD in premature infants compared to term infants during a 4-year period after the PCV13 program was established. Methods This was a prospective, enhanced national surveillance of laboratory-confirmed IPD in England in infants aged <1 year diagnosed during 2013–2016. Results There were 517 cases of IPD (incidence: 19/100000 infants). Incidence was significantly higher in premature infants compared with those born at term (49/100000 vs 17/100000; incidence rate ratio [IRR], 2.87; P < .001), with infants born before 28 weeks’ gestation having the highest incidence (150/100000; IRR, 8.8; P < .001). Of the 454 IPD cases with serotyped isolates, most were caused by non-PCV13 serotypes (369 cases, 71.4%), with 85 cases (16.4%) due to PCV13 serotypes. There were 31 deaths (case fatality rate [CFR], 6.2% [95% confidence interval, 4.3%–8.6%]). Premature infants did not have a higher CFR than term infants (P = .62). Conclusions IPD incidence in infants remains lower than rates reported prior to PCV7 introduction in England. The risk of IPD remains significantly higher in premature infants compared to infants born at term, for both PCV13 and non-PCV13 serotypes. Any changes to the infant PCV13 immunization schedule may disproportionally affect premature infants

Study of feto-maternal outcome in patients with intra uterine fetal death

Background: Intra Uterine Fetal Death (IUFD) is an important issue in modern obstetrics. This study has been undertaken to find out the incidence of IUFD, socio-demographic factors, probable etiological factors, mode of delivery, its outcome and complications if any.Methods: This retrospective observational study was carried out at a tertiary care hospital. Data was collected from case papers of patients who have delivered beyond 20 weeks and/or baby weighing more than 500 grams and having IUFD prior to onset of labor or during labor with singleton pregnancy.Results: Incidence of IUFD was 17.2 per 1000 births. Majority of the patients 93 (48.1%) were in age group of 26-30 years, 115 (59.5%) came as an emergency and 94 (48.7%) were primi gravida. Majority 89 (46.1%) patients had not taken any antenatal visit. IUFD occurred due to unexplained etiology, pre-eclampsia-eclampsia, anemia, uncontrolled diabetes, jaundice, antepartum haemorrhage and congenital malformation in 77 (39.9%), 51 (26.4%), 10 (5.1%), 7 (3.6%), 4 (2%), 29 (15%) and 2 (1%) respectively. Vaginal delivery occurred in 151 (78.2%). Majority of dead babies 111 (57.5%) were male, 71 (36.7%) were weighing 1kg or less and 92 (47.6%) were macerated. Emotional upset, DIC, PPH and ARF occurred in 193 (100%), 21 (10.8%), 15 (7.7%) and 1 (0.5%) respectively.Conclusions: Majority of patients were unregistered and had not taken antenatal care or had inadequate antenatal care. Pre-eclampsia-eclampsia, APH, anemia and diabetes were the leading cause of IUFD along with unknown causes. A significant proportion of IUFD can be prevented by health education regarding adequate antenatal care, warning signs and institutional deliveries

Stretchable Device for Simultaneous Measurements of Contractility and Electrophysiology of Neuromuscular Tissue in the Gastrointestinal Tract.

Devices interfacing with biological tissues can provide valuable insights into function, disease, and metabolism through electrical and mechanical signals. However, certain neuromuscular tissues, like those in the gastrointestinal tract, undergo significant strains of up to 40%. Conventional inextensible devices cannot capture the dynamic responses in these tissues. This study introduces electrodes made from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) that enable simultaneous monitoring of electrical and mechanical responses of gut tissue. The soft PDMS layers conform to tissue surfaces during gastrointestinal movement. Dopants, including Capstone FS-30 and polyethylene glycol, are explored to enhance the conductivity, electrical sensitivity to strain, and stability of the PEDOT:PSS. The devices are fabricated using shadow masks and solution-processing techniques, providing a faster and simpler process than traditional clean-room-based lithography. Tested on ex vivo mouse colon and human stomach, the device recorded voltage changes of up to 300 µV during contraction and distension consistent with muscle activity, while simultaneously recording resistance changes of up to 150% due to mechanical strain. These devices detect and respond to chemical stimulants and blockers, and can induce contractions through electrical stimulation. They hold great potential for studying and treating complex disorders like irritable bowel syndrome and gastroparesis