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Artificial aeration, Fish ponds, Literature reviews

Simple aquaculture training for rural development in Zimbabwe

Aquaculture, Training, Rural development, Zimbabwe,

T Cell Epitope Redundancy: Cross-conservation of the TCR face between Pathogens and Self and its Implications for Vaccines and Auto-immunity

T cells are extensively trained on ‘self’ in the thymus and then move to the periphery, where they seek out and destroy infections and regulate immune response to self-antigens. T cell receptors (TCR) on T cells’ surface recognize T cell epitopes, short linear strings of amino acids presented by antigen-presenting cells. Some of these epitopes activate T effectors, while others activate regulatory T cells. It was recently discovered that T cell epitopes that are highly conserved on their TCR face with human genome sequences are often associated with T cells that regulate immune response. These TCR-cross-conserved or ‘redundant epitopes’ are more common in proteins found in pathogens that have co-evolved with humans than in other non-commensal pathogens. Epitope redundancy might be the link between pathogens and autoimmune disease. This article reviews recently published data and addresses epitope redundancy, the “elephant in the room” for vaccine developers and T cell immunologists

Maternal outcomes in subsequent delivery after previous obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI): a multi-centre retrospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Women with a history of obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) are at increased risk of recurrence (rOASI) at subsequent delivery; however, evidence regarding the factors influencing this risk is limited. Furthermore, little is known about what factors influence the decision to alternatively deliver by elective caesarean section (ELLSCS). METHODS: Retrospective univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of prospectively collected data from four NHS electronic maternity databases including primiparous women sustaining OASIS during a singleton, term, cephalic, vaginal delivery between 2004 and 2015, who had a subsequent delivery. RESULTS: Two thousand two hundred seventy-two women met the criteria; 10.2% delivering vaginally had a repeat OASI and 59.4% had a second-degree tear. Women having an ELLSCS were more likely to be Caucasian, older, have previously had an operative vaginal delivery (OVD) and have a more severe degree of OASI. Positive predictors for rOASI were increased birth weight and maternal age at both index and subsequent deliveries, a more severe degree of initial OASI and Asian ethnicity. The overall mediolateral episiotomy (MLE) rate was 15.6%; 77.2% of those who had an episiotomy sustained no spontaneous perineal trauma. Only 4.4% of women with a rOASI had an MLE, whilst the MLE rate was 16.9% in those without a recurrence (p  4 kg increased the risk 2.5 fold. CONCLUSIONS: Women with previous OASIS are at an increased risk of recurrence. A more liberal use of MLE during subsequent vaginal delivery could significantly reduce the risk of recurrence

Prevalence of Parental refusal rate and its associated factors in routine immunization by using WHO Vaccine Hesitancy tool: A Cross sectional study at district Bannu, KP, Pakistan

Objective To determine the parents refusal rate, associated factors and the perceptions of refusal parents in routine immunization by using “WHO SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy survey tool”. Material and Methods A cross sectional survey was conducted by using multi stage cluster sampling at the remote district Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan from March 2019 to July 2019.A WHO validated questionaire was used. Our outcome variable was “Ever refusal from routine immunization (yes/No)”.logistic regression was run for association and multi regression was applied to see counfounders. Result Out of total 610 parents, the refusal rate was 170(27.9%).Mostly the mother of the children has no education 145(85.3%,P 0.03).Mother has no mobile but the father has 152(89.4%, p=<.001) higher frequency to have mobile. The refusal rate was high in those having secure food 88(51.8%) as compare to minimal 62(36.5%) and highly insecure food 20(11.8%,P=<.05).On multivariate logistic regression, those father who were employee (adjusted OR = 0.59; 95% CI 0.37 to 0.94; p = 0.02) and having higher education (adjusted OR = 0.21; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.50; p=<.001) were less likely to refuse to vaccinate their children while in contrast those having highly insecure food were more likely to refuse (adjusted OR = 2.2; 95% CI 1.0 to 0.50; p = 0.04) as compare to minimal insecure food (adjusted OR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.0 to 2.5; p = 0.02). Conclusion Refusal rate among parents was very high while those parents who’s can’t read or write and with no education, having mobile phone, unemployment and secure food were more to be associated with refusal

The use of medicinal plants in health care practices by Rohingya refugees in a degraded forest and conservation area of Bangladesh

People in developing countries traditionally rely on plants for their primary healthcare. This dependence is relatively higher in forests in remote areas due to the lack of access to modern health facilities and easy availability of the plant products.We carried out an ethno-medicinal survey in Teknaf Game Reserve (TGR), a heavily degraded forest and conservation area in southern Bangladesh, to explore the diversity of plants used by Rohingya refugees for treating various ailments. The study also documented the traditional utilization, collection and perceptions of medicinal plants by the Rohingyas residing on the edges of this conservation area. We collected primary information through direct observation and by interviewing older respondents using a semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 34 plant species in 28 families were frequently used by the Rohingyas to treat 45 ailments, ranging from simple headaches to highly complex eye and heart diseases. For medicinal preparations and treating various ailments, aboveground plant parts were used more than belowground parts. The collection of medicinal plants was mostly from the TGR. © 2009 Taylor & Francis

Delineating ethnic and religious identities in research with British South Asians

The present essay presents a rationale for delineating ethnic and religious identities in empirical research into self-identification among British South Asians. It is argued that the delineation of these identities is important in order to (i) predict and explain the identificatory possibilities available to these individuals; (ii) explore the differential values attributed to these identities; (iii) the level of psychological 'connectedness' between the identities; and (iv) the inter-relations between these identities, particularly in relation to psychological coherence. It is argued that a systematic delineation of these identities may have favourable theoretical, empirical and practical outcomes

Migrant mothers’ creative interventions into racialized citizenship

Racialized migrant mothers are often cast as marginal to theoretical and political debates of citizenship, yet by taking seriously the contributions to cultural and caring citizenship they make, we challenge the racialized boundaries of citizenship. Drawing on theories of enacting citizenship, that is, challenging hegemonic narratives of who can legitimately claim to contribute to citizenship, we explore migrant women’s mothering through participatory theatre methods. Through analysis of participatory action research (PAR) with migrant mothers in London, we emphasize the significance of embodied and affective meanings for challenging racialized citizenship. The theatre methods allow participants to develop collective subjugated knowledges challenging racialized, gendered and classed stratifications of rights, burdens and privileges of caring citizenship. This draws attention to the important role of creativity of the self as an aspect of both cultural and care work for understanding racialized migrant mothers’ citizenship