HAK-HAK TERSANGKA DALAM PROSES PENYIDIKAN TINDAK PIDANA

Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimanakah perlindungan hak-hak tersangka dalam proses penyidikan pidana menurut kitab undang-undang hukum pidana dan bagaimana penerapan sistem peradilan pidana di Indonesia, yang dengan menggunakabn metode penelitian hukum normatif disimpulkan bahwa: 1.   Proses hukum yang adil pada hakikatnya merupakan roh dari sistem peradilan pidana itu sendiri yang di tandai dengan adanya perlindungan terhadap hak-hak tersangka dan terdakwa. Walaupun sudah ada jaminan dan perlindungan terhadap hak-hak manusia yang dalam bentuk perlindungan hukum terhadap hak-hak tersangka. Perlindungan terhadap hak-hak tersangka dalam proses penyidikan tindak pidana dimulai dari pemeriksaan. Pemeriksaan yang dilakukan oleh penyidik difokuskan sepanjang hal yang meyangkut persoalan hukum. 2.   Sistem Peradilan Pidana di Indonesia merupakan suatu susunan atau tatanan yang teratur, suatu keseluruhan yang terdiri atas bagian yang berkaitan suatu sama lain, tersusun menurut rencana atau pola, hasil dari suatu pemikiran untuk mencapai tujuan. Kata kunci: tersangka, penyidika

Aluminium electrodeposition onto glassy carbon from deep eutectic system made of AlCl3+urea

Electrochemical deposition of aluminium onto glassy carbon from deep eutectic solvent (DES), made of the AlCl3+urea, at 25-50°C have been investigated. The deposition was performed in potentiostatic mode. The morphology of the obtained deposits were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Critical overpotential of aluminium deposition decreased from around – 0.150 V at 25°C to around – 0.100 V at 50°C. All recorded currents were small but would substantially increase with increasing working temperature (from 0.01 mA cm-2 up to 0.25 mA cm-2). The deposits obtained showed variety of morphological shapes depending on the working temperature and potential applied. All the deposits were made of very small crystallites grouped randomly into more or less separate agglomerates. Density of the crystallites distribution over the substrate and complicity of the crystal forms increased with the potential applied. Electrodeposition/dissolution of aluminium in used electrolyte onto used substrate obviously promises positive results if research aiming at reversible systems of such composition working at temperatures very close to room temperature.Ispitivano je elektrohemijsko taloženje aluminijuma na staklastom ugljeniku iz eutektičke smeše (DES), AlCl3+urea, na temperaturama od 25-50°C. Elektrotaloženje je izvođeno potenciostatski. Morfologija dobijenih taloga je analizirana skenirajućom elektronskom mikroskopijom (SEM) i energetsko disperzivnom spektroskopijom (EDS). Kritične prenapetosti elektrotaloženja aluminijuma kretale su se od oko – 0.150 V pri 25°C do oko – 0.100 V pri 50°C. Zabeležene gustine struje bile su male, ali su njihove vrednosti značajno rasle sa povećanjem radne temperature (od 0.01 mA cm-2 do 0.25 mA cm-2 uz povećanje temperature od 25°C do 50°C). Dobijeni talozi pokazali su raznovrsne morfološke oblike što je zavisilo od primenjene temperature i potencijala. Svi talozi sastojali su se od veoma malih kristala objedinjenih u aglomerate koji su bili nasumično raspoređeni po površini radne electrode. Gustina rasporeda kristalita po površini elektrode i njihova pojedinačna raznovrsnost po obliku rasle su sa povećanjem primenjenog potencijala. Elektrohemijsko taloženje/rastvaranje aluminijuma u upotrebljenom elektrolitu i na upotrebljenoj podlozi obećava pozitivne rezultate u istraživanjima usmerenim na reverzibilne sisteme istog ili sličnog sastava koji bi trebalo da rade na temperaturama veoma bliskim sobnoj

Kakav nam treba Zakon o komasaciji zemljišta

Kakav nam treba Zakon o komasaciji zemljišta

Kakav nam treba Zakon o komasaciji zemljišta

Kakav nam treba Zakon o komasaciji zemljišta

Surface modification of TiO2 nanoparticles with catechol

Surface modification of nanocrystalline TiO2 particles with catechol was found to result in a red shift of the semiconductor absorption compared to unmodified nanocrystallites. The undercoordinated defect sites at TiO2 surface are the source of novel enhanced and selective reactivity of the nanoparticle toward bidentate ligand binding. Catechol, an enediol ligand, have the optimal geometry for chelating surface Ti atoms, resulting in a five-membered ring coordination complex and restoration of six-coordinated octahedral geometry of surface Ti atoms.Physical chemistry 2008 : 9th international conference on fundamental and applied aspects of physical chemistry; Belgrade (Serbia); 24-28 September 200

Aluminum/zirconium alloys obtained by Al underpotential deposition onto Zr from low temperature AlCl3+NaCl molten salts

Contrary to the widely accepted hypothesis that it is not possible, aluminum underpotential deposition (UPD) onto zirconium from a low temperature (200, 250 and 300 °C) equimolar chloroaluminate melt was recorded. Furthermore, it was shown that aluminum UPD facilitates alloy formation between the deposited aluminum monolayer and the zirconium substrate by interdiffusion. The aluminum/zirconium alloys formed at temperatures substantially lower than those needed for thermal preparation of the same alloys were Al3Zr2 and Al3Zr. The experimental techniques linear sweep voltammetry, potential step, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used for the characterization of the obtained electrode surfaces

Hubungan Antara Masa Kerja dan Posisi Kerja dengan Keluhan Muskuloskeletal pada Nelayan di Kelurahan Batuputih Bawah Kota Bitung

Keluhan muskuloskeletal timbul karena pekerjaan atau aktivitas yang dilakukan dengan postur tubuh kurang ergonomi yang dilakukan secara berkala saat melakukan sesuatu. Masa kerja seseorang yang cukup lama juga dapat mempengaruhi terjadinya keluhan muskuloskeletal. Prevalensi diagnosis penyakit sendi pekerja informal nelayan berjumlah (7,0%). Beberapa faktor mempengaruhi keluhan muskuloskeletal seperti masa kerja dan posisi kerja. Observasi yang dilakukan kepada beberapa nelayan di Kelurahan Batuputih Bawah Kota Bitung dengan menggunakan kuesioner NBM terdapat keluhan pada bagian tubuh nelayan akibat kegiatan kerja seperti menarik jaring, menguras air, mengangkat ikan hingga menarik perahu ke air dan kembali ke darat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei analitik dengan rancangan studi potong lintang. Populasi yaitu seluruh nelayan Kelurahan Batuputih Bawah lingkungan I yang berjumlah 63 orang nelayan. Sampel ditentukan menggunakan rumus slovin yaitu 39 orang nelayan yang diambil secara accidental sampling. Alat ukur yang digunakan yaitu kuesioner Nordic Body Map (NBM) dan lembar metode Rapid Entire Body Assesment (REBA). Data dianalisis uji statistik Pearson untuk variabel masa kerja dan keluhan muskuloskeletal dan analisis uji ststistik Spearman-Rank untuk variabel posisi kerja dengan keluhan muskuloskeletal. Hasil uji antara masa kerja dengan keluhan muskuloskeletal diketahui nilai p = 0,000 dengan nilai r = 0,785. Hasil uji antara posisi kerja dengan keluhan muskuloskeletal diketahui nilai p = 0,000dengan nilai r = 0,821. Kesimpulan penelitian ini terdapat hubungan antara masa kerja dengan keluhan muskuloskeletal pada nelayan di Kelurahan Batuputih Bawah Kota Bitung yaitu semakin lama masa waktu bekerja responden, maka akan semakin tinggi tingkat keluhan muskuloskeletal. Terdapat hubungan antara posisi kerja dengan keluhan muskuloskeletal pada nelayan di Kelurahan Batuputih Bawah Kota Bitung yaitu semakin tinggi risiko posisi kerja responden, maka akan semakin tinggi tingkat keluhan muskuloskeletal

Annual and seasonal variations of indoor radon concentration in Skopje (Republic of Macedonia)

This paper presents the results of a survey of indoor radon concentrations in the dwellings of 10 Municipalities in the Skopje: the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Macedonia (600 000 habitants). The indoor radon concentrations were measured during the four successive seasons from December 2008 to December 2009 using integrating passive alpha track-etch detectors with an exposure period of three months. The annual mean indoor radon concentration in each measuring site was estimated as an arithmetic mean from the four individual measurements. The measurements were completed for 124 dwellings, of which 112 dwellings revealed indoor radon concentrations lower than 200 Bq m−3, and 3 showed radon concentrations in excess of 400 Bq m−3. The annual mean indoor radon concentrations were found to be log-normally distributed, ranging from 18 to 502 Bq m−3. The geometric mean value of the indoor radon concentration in Skopje region was estimated to be 83*/1.94 Bq m−3. The results of analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences among annual mean values of the indoor radon concentrations of among the different municipalities (p=0.021). The influence of the factors linked to building characteristics in relation to the annual mean of indoor radon concentration was also a subject to examination. The factors which allow differentiation into subgroups (significance level p<0.05) were: the floor level (p<0.0001), presence of basement (p<0.0001), and type of heating (p=0.004). Seasonal dependence of indoor radon concentration was observed. The minimum indoor radon concentrations were found in the summer season whereas maximum levels were observed in the winter season (p< 0.0001)

Discovery of uranium mineralizations in the rhyolite-granite complex in the Jabal Eghei area of southern Libya

During investigation of the Jabal Eghei area in southern Libya and the production of geological maps at a scale of 1:250 000 (Tibesti sector, sheet Wadi Eghei NF 34-1 and NF 34-2), regional prospecting for mineral raw materials was performed. Radiometric survey of observed targets at the sites indicated two significant uranium mineralizations in rhyolites, and some smaller ones in granites that are in close contact with rhyolites. Rhyolites are located in the central part of the investigated region. They cut through granite rocks. The first mineralization is in the central part of the rhyolite region, which is mostly composed of silificated rhyolites. The second one was discovered near the granite-rhyolite contact zone, characterized by the presence of silicified breccia rocks. These findings were confirmed by laboratory measurements of more than seventy samples collected in the area, using high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. The concentrations of uranium in these mineralizations were found to range from approx. 50 mg kg-1 to more than 600 mg kg-1. The latter value is about 240 times above the Earth’s average. Besides uranium, these measurements have also given concentrations of thorium and potassium. Additional geochemical analysis was performed on samples taken from locations where uranium anomalies were discovered using ICP-MS technique, in which concentrations of more than forty elements were determined. Uranium mineralizations are accompained by increased contents of silver (up to 17 times), arsenic (up to 8 times), molybdenum (up to 50 times), mercury (up to 9 times), and lead (up to 14 times), in regard to the Clark’s values. These results warrant a continued investigation of this region because of potential interest in the discovery of nuclear mineral raw materials