1,370 research outputs found
Legal, regulatory, and ethical frameworks for development of standards in artificial intelligence (AI) and autonomous robotic surgery
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Explainable AI: The new 42?
Explainable AI is not a new field. Since at least the early exploitation of C.S. Pierceâs abductive reasoning in expert systems of the 1980s, there were reasoning architectures to support an explanation function for complex AI systems, including applications in medical diagnosis, complex multi-component design, and reasoning about the real world. So explainability is at least as old as early AI, and a natural consequence of the design of AI systems. While early expert systems consisted of handcrafted knowledge bases that enabled reasoning over narrowly well-defined domains (e.g., INTERNIST, MYCIN), such systems had no learning capabilities and had only primitive uncertainty handling. But the evolution of formal reasoning architectures to incorporate principled probabilistic reasoning helped address the capture and use of uncertain knowledge.
There has been recent and relatively rapid success of AI/machine learning solutions arises from neural network architectures. A new generation of neural methods now scale to exploit the practical applicability of statistical and algebraic learning approaches in arbitrarily high dimensional spaces. But despite their huge successes, largely in problems which can be cast as classification problems, their effectiveness is still limited by their un-debuggability, and their inability to âexplainâ their decisions in a human understandable and reconstructable way. So while AlphaGo or DeepStack can crush the best humans at Go or Poker, neither program has any internal model of its task; its representations defy interpretation by humans, there is no mechanism to explain their actions and behaviour, and furthermore, there is no obvious instructional value.. the high performance systems can not help humans improve. Even when we understand the underlying mathematical scaffolding of current machine learning architectures, it is often impossible to get insight into the internal working of the models; we need explicit modeling and reasoning tools to explain how and why a result was achieved. We also know that a significant challenge for future AI is contextual adaptation, i.e., systems that incrementally help to construct explanatory models for solving real-world problems. Here it would be beneficial not to exclude human expertise, but to augment human intelligence with artificial intelligence
Cooperative subwavelength molecular quantum emitter arrays
Dipole-coupled subwavelength quantum emitter arrays respond cooperatively to external light fields as they may host collective delocalized excitations (a form of excitons) with super- or subradiant character. Deeply subwavelength separations typically occur in molecular ensembles, where in addition to photon-electron interactions, electron-vibron couplings and vibrational relaxation processes play an important role. We provide analytical and numerical results on the modification of super- and subradiance in molecular rings of dipoles including excitations of the vibrational degrees of freedom. While vibrations are typically considered detrimental to coherent dynamics, we show that molecular dimers or rings can be operated as platforms for the preparation of long-lived dark superposition states aided by vibrational relaxation. In closed ring configurations, we extend previous predictions for the generation of coherent light from ideal quantum emitters to molecular emitters, quantifying the role of vibronic coupling onto the output intensity and coherence
Identifying Gene-Gene Interactions that are Highly Associated with Body Mass Index Using Quantitative Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (QMDR)
Despite heritability estimates of 40â70% for obesity, less than 2% of its variation is explained by Body Mass Index (BMI) associated loci that have been identified so far. Epistasis, or gene-gene interactions are a plausible source to explain portions of the missing heritability of BMI. Using genotypic data from 18,686 individuals across five study cohorts â ARIC, CARDIA, FHS, CHS, MESA â we filtered SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) using two parallel approaches. SNPs were filtered either on the strength of their main effects of association with BMI, or on the number of knowledge sources supporting a specific SNP-SNP interaction in the context of BMI. Filtered SNPs were specifically analyzed for interactions that are highly associated with BMI using QMDR (Quantitative Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction). QMDR is a nonparametric, genetic model-free method that detects non-linear interactions associated with a quantitative trait
An App to Support Yoga Teachers to Implement a Yoga-Based Approach to Promote Wellbeing Among Young People: Usability Study
Many young people suffer from chronic stress and other issues that
inhibit the functioning and development of the prefrontal cortex, and this also
affects their intrinsic motivation to engage in any activity. In short, unless their
well-being is addressed, they cannot engage effectively. The HIPPOCAMPUS
project aims to address these issues by promoting the well-being of young
people through the practice of a range of techniques derived from yoga. Yuva
Yoga app is part of the approach to support the yoga-based practices with young
people. It is a multiplatform mobile app developed as Backend as a Service both
for Android and iOS. The first public version of the mobile app is part of the
pilots implemented in the schools involved in the project, but there is not a
special focus on the usability of the app. This work presents the heuristic
evaluation of Yuva Yoga for iOS carried out by four experts as part of a major
usability study that combines heuristic techniques, both iOS and Android, and
empirical methods with users. Some problems were detected during the evaluation,
but more of the problems have a low priority rating. They are mainly
cosmetic problems that do not need to be fixed unless extra time is available on
the project, or minor usability problems. The results have provided an important
input to develop a new minor version of the mobile app, in order to improve the
user experience in the pilots at schools
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On the challenges and opportunities in visualization for machine learning and knowledge extraction: A research agenda
We describe a selection of challenges at the intersection of machine learning and data visualization and outline a subjective research agenda based on professional and personal experience. The unprecedented increase in the amount, variety and the value of data has been significantly transforming the way that scientific research is carried out and businesses operate. Within data science, which has emerged as a practice to enable this data-intensive innovation by gathering together and advancing the knowledge from fields such as statistics, machine learning, knowledge extraction, data management, and visualization, visualization plays a unique and maybe the ultimate role as an approach to facilitate the human and computer cooperation, and to particularly enable the analysis of diverse and heterogeneous data using complex computational methods where algorithmic results are challenging to interpret and operationalize. Whilst algorithm development is surely at the center of the whole pipeline in disciplines such as Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery, it is visualization which ultimately makes the results accessible to the end user. Visualization thus can be seen as a mapping from arbitrarily high-dimensional abstract spaces to the lower dimensions and plays a central and critical role in interacting with machine learning algorithms, and particularly in interactive machine learning (iML) with including the human-in-the-loop. The central goal of the CD-MAKE VIS workshop is to spark discussions at this intersection of visualization, machine learning and knowledge discovery and bring together experts from these disciplines. This paper discusses a perspective on the challenges and opportunities in this integration of these discipline and presents a number of directions and strategies for further research
Impact of Entity Graphs on Extracting Semantic Relations
International audienceRelation extraction (RE) between a pair of entity mentions from text is an important and challenging task specially for open domain relations. Generally, relations are extracted based on the lexical and syntactical information at the sentence level. However, global information about known entities has not been explored yet for RE task. In this paper, we propose to extract a graph of entities from the overall corpus and to compute features on this graph that are able to capture some evidences of holding relationships between a pair of entities. The proposed features boost the RE performance significantly when these are combined with some linguistic features
Can inflammatory markers predict response to methotrexate in JIA? Results from the CHARM study
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