128 research outputs found
Model for quantitative tip-enhanced spectroscopy and the extraction of nanoscale-resolved optical constants
Near-field infrared spectroscopy by elastic scattering of light from a probe
tip resolves optical contrasts in materials at dramatically sub-wavelength
scales across a broad energy range, with the demonstrated capacity for chemical
identification at the nanoscale. However, current models of probe-sample
near-field interactions still cannot provide a sufficiently quantitatively
interpretation of measured near-field contrasts, especially in the case of
materials supporting strong surface phonons. We present a model of near-field
spectroscopy derived from basic principles and verified by finite-element
simulations, demonstrating superb predictive agreement both with tunable
quantum cascade laser near-field spectroscopy of SiO thin films and with
newly presented nanoscale Fourier transform infrared (nanoFTIR) spectroscopy of
crystalline SiC. We discuss the role of probe geometry, field retardation, and
surface mode dispersion in shaping the measured near-field response. This
treatment enables a route to quantitatively determine nano-resolved optical
constants, as we demonstrate by inverting newly presented nanoFTIR spectra of
an SiO thin film into the frequency dependent dielectric function of its
mid-infrared optical phonon. Our formalism further enables tip-enhanced
spectroscopy as a potent diagnostic tool for quantitative nano-scale
spectroscopy.Comment: 19 pages, 9 figure
J/\psi-dissociation by a color electric flux tube
We adress the question of how a -state (a ) can be
dissociated by the strong color electric fields when moving through a color
electric flux tube. The color electric flux tube and the dissociation of the
heavy quarkonia state are both described within the Friedberg-Lee color
dielectric model. We speculate on the importance of such an effect with respect
to the observed -suppression in ultrarelativistic heavy ion
collisions.Comment: 19 pages, 6 PostScript figures included, LaTe
The Chromo-Dielectric Soliton Model: Quark Self Energy and Hadron Bags
The chromo-dielectric soliton model (CDM) is Lorentz- and chirally-invariant.
It has been demonstrated to exhibit dynamical chiral symmetry breaking and
spatial confinement in the locally uniform approximation. We here study the
full nonlocal quark self energy in a color-dielectric medium modeled by a two
parameter Fermi function. Here color confinement is manifest. The self energy
thus obtained is used to calculate quark wave functions in the medium which, in
turn, are used to calculate the nucleon and pion masses in the one gluon
exchange approximation. The nucleon mass is fixed to its empirical value using
scaling arguments; the pion mass (for massless current quarks) turns out to be
small but non-zero, depending on the model parameters.Comment: 24 pages, figures available from the author
Hadronization of a Quark-Gluon Plasma in the Chromodielectric Model
We have carried out simulations of the hadronization of a hot, ideal but
effectively massive quark-gluon gas into color neutral clusters in the
framework of the semi-classical SU(3) chromodielectric model. We have studied
the possible quark-gluon compositions of clusters as well as the final mass
distribution and spectra, aiming to obtain an insight into relations between
hadronic spectral properties and the confinement mechanism in this model.Comment: 34 pages, 37 figure
An atomic and molecular database for analysis of submillimetre line observations
Atomic and molecular data for the transitions of a number of astrophysically
interesting species are summarized, including energy levels, statistical
weights, Einstein A-coefficients and collisional rate coefficients. Available
collisional data from quantum chemical calculations and experiments are
extrapolated to higher energies. These data, which are made publically
available through the WWW at http://www.strw.leidenuniv.nl/~moldata, are
essential input for non-LTE line radiative transfer programs. An online version
of a computer program for performing statistical equilibrium calculations is
also made available as part of the database. Comparisons of calculated emission
lines using different sets of collisional rate coefficients are presented. This
database should form an important tool in analyzing observations from current
and future (sub)millimetre and infrared telescopes.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A, 14 pages, 5 figure
Graphene on hexagonal boron nitride as a tunable hyperbolic metamaterial
Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a natural hyperbolic material1, in which the dielectric constants are the same in the basal plane (ε[superscript t] ≡ ε[superscript x] = ε[superscript y]) but have opposite signs (ε[superscript t] ε[superscript z ]< 0) in the normal plane (ε[superscript z]). Owing to this property, finite-thickness slabs of h-BN act as multimode waveguides for the propagation of hyperbolic phonon polaritons—collective modes that originate from the coupling between photons and electric dipoles in phonons. However, control of these hyperbolic phonon polaritons modes has remained challenging, mostly because their electrodynamic properties are dictated by the crystal lattice of h-BN. Here we show, by direct nano-infrared imaging, that these hyperbolic polaritons can be effectively modulated in a van der Waals heterostructure composed of monolayer graphene on h-BN. Tunability originates from the hybridization of surface plasmon polaritons in graphene with hyperbolic phonon polaritons in h-BN so that the eigenmodes of the graphene/h-BN heterostructure are hyperbolic plasmon–phonon polaritons. The hyperbolic plasmon–phonon polaritons in graphene/h-BN suffer little from ohmic losses, making their propagation length 1.5–2.0 times greater than that of hyperbolic phonon polaritons in h-BN. The hyperbolic plasmon–phonon polaritons possess the combined virtues of surface plasmon polaritons in graphene and hyperbolic phonon polaritons in h-BN. Therefore, graphene/h-BN can be classified as an electromagnetic metamaterial as the resulting properties of these devices are not present in its constituent elements alone
Quantum liquids resulting from quark systems with four-quark interaction
Quark ensembles influenced by strong stochastic vacuum gluon fields are investigated within the four-fermion interaction approximation. The comparative analysis of several quantum liquid models is performed and this analysis leads to the conclusion that the presence of a gas–liquid phase transition is their characteristic feature. The problem of the instability of small quark number droplets is discussed and it is argued that it is rooted in the chiral soliton formation. The existence of a mixed phase of the vacuum and baryon matter is proposed as a possible explanation of the latter stability
REAL-TIME DESCRIPTION OF PARTON-HADRON CONVERSION AND CONFINEMENT DYNAMICS
We propose a new and universal approach to the hadronization problem that
incorporates both partonic and hadronic degrees of freedom in their respective
domains of relevance, and that describes the conversion between them within a
kinetic field theory formulation in real time and full 7-dimensional phase
space. We construct a scale-dependent effective theory that reduces to
perturbative QCD with its scale and chiral symmetry properties at short
space-time distances, but at large distances (r > 1 fm) yields symmetry
breaking gluon and quark condensates plus hadronic excitations. The approach is
applied to the evolution of fragmenting qq~ and gg jet pairs as the system
evolves from the initial 2-jet configuration, via parton showering and cluster
formation, to the final yield of hadrons. The phenomenological implications for
e+e- -> hadrons are investigated, such as the time scale of the transition, and
its energy dependence, cluster size and mass distributions. We compare our
results for particle production and Bose-Einstein correlations with
experimental data, and find an interesting possibility of extracting the basic
parameters of the space-time evolution of the system from Bose enhancement
measurements.Comment: 51 pages, latex, 14 figures as uu-encoded postscript file
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