The internationalisation of the Spanish SME sector

As part of a wider research program, we analysed the theoretical framework and the recent developments of the process of internationalisation (transnationalisation) of the small- and medium-sized enterprises in Spain. The paper highlights the main trends and barriers of this internationalisation process. Methodology included document analyses, interviews, and the analyses of statistical databases

Hereditary angioedema.Treatment of acute attacks in Argentina

En el mundo, el angioedema hereditario (HAE) afecta a 1 de cada 50 000 personas. Produceepisodios de angioedema cutáneo, abdominal y laríngeos que generan gran incapacidad. Lamortalidad por la enfermedad oscila entre 15 y 50%. Aunque en Argentina un concentrado plasmático de C1inhibidor (pdC1INH) ha estado aprobado y disponible por décadas para el tratamiento del ataque agudo, solo15 (26%) de 58 pacientes había recibido pdC1INH alguna vez hasta el año 2008, y solo 2(3.4%) lo usaban regularmente.Luego de la aprobación de los nuevos medicamentos para HAE, incluido el icatibant en Argentinay de la publicación de las guías terapéuticas, 42 (82%) de 51 pacientes del grupo original tienen pdC1INH paratratar el próximo ataque. Sin embargo, 16 (18%) de estos pacientes continúan sin acceso a la medicación yotros 15 (35.7%) acceden a través de otro enfermo en forma espuria. Solo 12 (28.6%) de los pacientes con elmedicamento puede auto tratarse en su domicilio. La mejora en el acceso a la medicación es importante perodebe extenderse a todos los afectados y facilitarse el auto-tratamientoIn the world, hereditary angioedema (HAE) affects 1every 50 000 persons. It is characterized by highly disabling and recurrent episodes of cutaneous, abdominal and laryngeal episodes of angioedema. Asphyxia related mortality ranges from 15 to 50%. In Argentina a plasma derived C1 inhibitor concentrate (pdC1INH) has been available for the treatment of acute attacks for many decades, however, only15 (26%) out of 58 patients had received pdC1INH at least once until 2008, and only2 (3.4%) had used it regularly. After worldwide approval of the new drugs for the treatment of acute HAE attacks, adding icatibant to pdC1INH in Argentina, and after publication of the therapeutic guide for the country, 42 (82%) out of 51 patients from the original group has pdC1INH available to treat their next attack. However, 16 (18%) patients continue without access to medication and other 15 (35.7%) obtain their therapy spuriously through some other affected relative in their environment. Only 12 (28.6%) patients of the group self-treated at home. Access to treatment has greatly improved, but needs to be extended to all patients and self-treatment at home should be encouraged.Fil: Malbrán, Alejandro. Asociación Argentina de Angioedema Hereditario; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Malbran, Eloisa. Asociación Argentina de Angioedema Hereditario; ArgentinaFil: Menéndez, Alejandra. Asociación Argentina de Angioedema Hereditario; ArgentinaFil: Fernández Romero, Diego S.. Asociación Argentina de Angioedema Hereditario; Argentin

El Gran Intercambio Biótico Americano: una revisión paleoambiental de evidencias aportadas por mamíferos y aves neotropicales

Tradicionalmente, se ha considerado que la formación del istmo de Panamá (durante el Plioceno hace 3 Ma) facilitó el movimiento de especies entre Sudamérica y Norteamérica. Este proceso ecológico y evolutivo denominado Gran Intercambio Biótico Americano (GABI) es determinante en la configuración de la biota americana actual. Aunque el GABI comenzó a estudiarse principalmente a partir del registro fósil de diversos grupos (especialmente mamíferos), el conocimiento actual de las especies derivado de estudios biogeográficos, filogenéticos, y de un sustancial incremento del registro fósil, así como el aumento significativo del conocimiento geológico de la región, han permitido plantear escenarios donde el GABI adquiere una mayor complejidad y suguieren un panorama de menor aislamiento para Sudamérica durante el Cenozoico. Las evidencias y estudios más recientes en aves y mamíferos apuntan a múltiples procesos de colonización desde finales del Oligoceno con la entrada de algunos grupos de aves y durante el Mioceno con la colonización de algunos taxones de ambos grupos, eventos que serían previos a lo que habitualmente se ha considerado para el proceso de intercambio. El GABI plenamente establecido, se constituye de 4 fases a lo largo del Plio-Pleistoceno, en cada una de éstas, se presentarón diferentes oleadas de colonización de linajes entre ambos continentes. Asimismo, durante el Pleistoceno-Holoceno se evidenciaron diversos procesos de extinción de especies, la explicación de cuáles fueron los factores determinantes en estos procesos han sido causa de debate, por lo que se discute el estado de la cuestión, mostrando a través de la evidencia cómo se presenta un importante cambio de paradigma con explicaciones basadas en la relevancia de los factores paleogeográficos y los cambios ambientales en los procesos de adaptación biómica, abandonando la clasida idea de la competencia ecológica entre especies norteñas y sureñas. En conclusión, el proceso resulta ser un entramado complejo de interacciónes bióticas condicionadas principalmente por factores abióticos cambiantes acaecidos durante el proceso de configuración paleoambiental de las américas

Clearing extracellular alpha-synuclein from cerebrospinal fluid: A new therapeutic strategy in parkinson’s disease

This concept article aims to show the rationale of targeting extracellular α-Synuclein (α-Syn) from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a new strategy to remove this protein from the brain in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Misfolding and intracellular aggregation of α-synuclein into Lewy bodies are thought to be crucial in the pathogenesis of PD. Recent research has shown that small amounts of monomeric and oligomeric α-synuclein are released from neuronal cells by exocytosis and that this extracellular alpha-synuclein contributes to neurodegeneration, progressive spreading of alpha-synuclein pathology, and neuroinflammation. In PD, extracellular oligomeric-α-synuclein moves in constant equilibrium between the interstitial fluid (ISF) and the CSF. Thus, we expect that continuous depletion of oligomeric-α-synuclein in the CSF will produce a steady clearance of the protein in the ISF, preventing transmission and deposition in the brain

The Global flood protection Benefits of Mangroves

ABSTRACT: Coastal flood risks are rising rapidly. We provide high resolution estimates of the economic value of mangroves forests for flood risk reduction every 20 km worldwide. We develop a probabilistic, process-based valuation of the effects of mangroves on averting damages to people and property. We couple spatially-explicit 2-D hydrodynamic analyses with economic models, and find that mangroves provide flood protection benefits exceeding $US 65 billion per year. If mangroves were lost, 15 million more people would be flooded annually across the world. Some of the nations that receive the greatest economic benefits include the USA, China, India and Mexico. Vietnam, India and Bangladesh receive the greatest benefits in terms of people protected. Many (>45) 20-km coastal stretches particularly those near cities receive more than$US 250 million annually in flood protection benefits from mangroves. These results demonstrate the value of mangroves as natural coastal defenses at global, national and local scales, which can inform incentives for mangrove conservation and restoration in development, climate adaptation, disaster risk reduction and insuranceWe thank the supporting provided by the World Bank and the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) on the basis of a decision adopted by the German Bundestag. We also acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation (BIA2014-59718-R). Authors are grateful to the useful contributions provided by Borja González Reguero (University of Santa Cruz California), Antonio Espejo, Sheila Abad and Pedro Díaz Simal (IH Cantabria). Pelayo Menéndez acknowledge to the FPI grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation (BES-2015-074343). The authors acknowledge to the National Plan “RISKOADAPT” from the Spanish Ministry of Sciences, Innovation and Universities (BIA2017-89401-R)

The Possible Role of Epigenetics in Gestational Diabetes: Cause, Consequence, or Both

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as the glucose intolerance that is not present or recognized prior to pregnancy. Several risk factors of GDM depend on environmental factors that are thought to regulate the genome through epigenetic mechanisms. Thus, epigenetic regulation could be involved in the development of GDM. In addition, the adverse intrauterine environment in patients with GDM could also have a negative impact on the establishment of the epigenomes of the offspring

Phylogenetic biome conservatism as a key concept for an integrative understanding of evolutionary history: Galliformes and Falconiformes as study cases

Biomes are climatically and biotically distinctive macroecological units that formed over geological time scales. Their features consolidate them as ‘evolutionary scenarios’, with their own diversification dynamics. Under the concept of phylogenetic niche conservatism, we assessed, for the first time, the evolution of biome occupation in birds. We aimed to analyse patterns of adaptation to different climatic regimes and the determinant factors for colonization of emerging biomes by clades from different ancestral biomes. In this work, we reconstructed the biome occupation history of two clades of birds (Galliformes and Falconiformes) under an integrative perspective through a comprehensive review of ecological, phylogenetic, palaeontological and biogeographical evidence. Our findings for both groups are consistent with a scenario of phylogenetic biome conservatism and highlight the importance of changes in climate during the Miocene in the adaptation and evolution of climatic niches. In particular, our results indicate high biome conservatism associated with biomes situated in some of the extremes of the global climate gradient (evergreen tropical rainforest, steppe and tundra) for both bird taxa. Finally, the historical dynamics of tropical seasonal biomes, such as tropical deciduous woodlands and savannas, appear to have played a preponderant role during the diversification processes of these bird lineages.Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y PaleontologíaFac. de Ciencias GeológicasTRUEMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)Universidad Complutense de MadridColombian administrative Department for Science and InnovationDirección General de Investigaciones of Universidad Santiago de CaliTalent Attraction Program of the Madrid GovernmentUniversidad Complutense de Madridpu

Estudio preliminar de la estructura interna del subtipo fitoclimático VI (IV)1 de Allué (1990). Aplicaciones fitoclimáticas

In this paper we try to establish a preliminary methodology for analyzing vegetation structures included in Allué´s (1990) phytoclimatic subtypes, and their phytoclimatic implications. One of the most geographically extensive subtypes (VI(IV)1) has been chosen, which comprises a considerable number of syntaxa.En este trabajo se pretende establecer una metodología preliminar para analizar en profundidad las estructuras de vegetación que están presentes en los subtipos fitoclimáticos de Allué (1990), así como sus implicaciones fitoclimáticas. Se ha elegido para este estudio uno de los subtipos más extensos territorialmente (VI(IV)1), en el que están representados un número considerable de sintáxones