Effect of dietary replacement of fish meal with insect meal on in vitro bacterial and viral induced gene response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) head kidney leukocytes

Abstract With the fast growth of today's aquaculture industry, the demand for aquafeeds is expanding dramatically. Insects, which are part of the natural diet of salmonids, could represent a sustainable ingredient for aquaculture feed. The aim of the current study was to test how a partial or total replacement of dietary fishmeal with insect meal affect gene responses involved in inflammation, the eicosanoid pathway and stress response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in isolated head kidney leukocytes after exposure to bacterial or viral mimic. Insect meal (IM) was produced from black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae. Seawater Atlantic salmon were fed three different diets for 8 weeks; a control diet (IM0, protein from fishmeal and plant based ingredients (25:75) and lipid from fish oil and vegetable oil (33:66); and two insect-meal containing diets, IM66 and IM100, where 66 and 100% of the fishmeal protein was replaced with IM, respectively. Leukocytes were isolated from the head kidney of fish (n = 6) from each of the three dietary groups. Isolated leukocytes were seeded into culture wells and added either a bacterial mimic (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) or a viral mimic (polyinosinic acid: polycytidylic acid, poly I: C) to induce an inflammatory response. Controls (Ctl) without LPS and poly I: C were included. The transcription of interleukins IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α were elevated in LPS treated leukocytes isolated from salmon fed the three dietary groups (IM0, IM66 and IM100). The inflammatory-related gene expression in head kidney cells were, however, not affected by the pre-fed substitution of fish meal with IM in the diet of salmon. Gene transcriptions of PTGDS and PTGES were neither affected by LPS, poly I: C or the experimental diets fed prior to cell isolation, while salmon fed with IM showed a lower expression of LOX5. The gene expression of TLR22 and C/EBP-β were down-regulated by the LPS treatment in the cells isolated from salmon fed insect-based diets (IM66 and IM100) compared to fish fed the IM0. Similarly, the leukocytes challenged with LPS and isolated from fish fed with IM66 and IM100 down-regulated the expression of Mn-SOD, GPx1, HSP27 and HSP70 compared to salmon fed IM0. In general, these results suggested that replacement of fishmeal with IM in the diets of Atlantic salmon had no effect on the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes in the head kidney cells. There was, however, an effect of dietary IM on the transcription of antioxidant and stress related genes in the leukocytes

Electrical Performance of CuInSe2 Solar Panels Using Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm

Electricity is an essential factor of economic development for all the countries. In recent years the share of renewable energy in electricity production is growing significantly all over the world. Among these solar energy plays a vital role in the production of power. In this work an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique is proposed which successfully tracks the global peak and thereby improving the performance of PV array. The suggested work is realized in MATLAB/Simulink and simulation results of ACO

Comparing novel shotgun DNA sequencing and state-of-the-art proteomics approaches for authentication of fish species in mixed samples

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Вплив конфігурації переходу на продуктивність сонячних елементів In2S3/CZTS

У роботі представлено чисельне моделювання сонячних елементів на основі CZTS з використанням одновимірної програми моделювання сонячних елементів, яка називається симулятором ємності сонячного елементу (SCAPS). Було вивчено вплив товщини буферного шару In2S3 та густини природних дефектів на продуктивність та характеристики J-V сонячних елементів на основі CZTS. Результати моделювання показують, що оптимальна товщина буферного шару In2S3 становить 50 нм. Було виявлено, що густина дефектів ідеальна від 1015 до 1017 см – 3. Оптимальні фотоелектричні параметри були досягнуті з ефективністю 20,95 % при JSC = 26,85 мА/см2 та VOC = 0,78 В.This research work presents a numerical simulation of CZTS based solar cell by using one dimensional solar cell simulation program called solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS). In this work, the influence of In2S3 buffer layer thickness and natural defect density on the performance and the J-V characteristics of CZTS based solar cells has been studied. The simulation results illustrate that the optimal In2S3 buffer layer thickness is 50 nm. We observed that the defect density is perfect from1015 to 1017 cm – 3. The optimal photovoltaic parameters have been achieved with an efficiency of 20.95 % with JSC = 26.85 mA/cm2 and VOC = 0.78 V

Potential of insect-based diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

In the present study, we aimed to assess the effect of dietary insect meal (IM) and insect oil (IO) on growth performance, body composition and nutrient digestibility of freshwater reared Atlantic salmon. The IM and IO were produced from black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens, L.; BSF) that had been grown on (1) media containing organic waste streams, or on (2) media partially containing seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum). The feeding trial of the current study followed a factorial 2 73 way-ANOVA experimental design with six dietary groups of Atlantic salmon fed diets with insect-derived ingredients for 8 weeks. A typical industrial diet, with protein from fish meal and soy protein concentrate (SPC) (50:50) and lipids from fish oil and vegetable oil (33:66), was fed to a positive control group. Five experimental diets were formulated, where 85% of the dietary protein was replaced by IM and/or all the vegetable oil was replaced by IO (IM from insects grown on media 1, IO from insects grown on either media 1 (IO1) or media 2 (IO2)). Replacing the dietary fish meal and SPC with insect protein significantly reduced the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of protein, lipid and all amino acids investigated, though remained highly digestible. There were, however, only small differences due to protein or lipid source in growth performance, and no effects of insect ingredients on feed intake or feed conversion ratio. Inclusion of IM-based diets significantly increased both hepatosomatic index and visceral somatic index of Atlantic salmon. Proteinase activity in the intestine was not affected by dietary inclusion of BSF larvae meal, while leucine aminopeptidase activity was lower in fish fed with insect ingredients than the control group. Whole-body protein, lipid, amino acids and minerals contents were not affected by protein or lipid source. In general, this study showed that protein meal and oil from BSF larvae hold a great potential as a source of nutrients for Atlantic salmon

Dietary methionine availability affects muscle proteolysis (autophagy) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

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