Exchange Rate Regime Durability and Performance in Developing Countries Versus Advanced Economies

Drawing on new data and advances in exchange rate regimes' classification, we find that countries appear to benefit by having increasingly flexible exchange rate systems as they become richer and more financially developed. For developing countries with little exposure to international capital markets, pegs are notable for their durability and relatively low inflation. In contrast, for advanced economies, floats are distinctly more durable and also appear to be associated with higher growth. For emerging markets, our results parallel the Baxter and Stockman classic exchange regime neutrality result, though pegs are the least durable and expose countries to higher risk of crisis.

Discovery of unusual pulsations in the cool, evolved Am stars HD 98851 and HD 102480

The chemically peculiar (CP) stars HD 98851 and HD 102480 have been discovered to be unusual pulsators during the ``Naini Tal Cape Survey'' programme to search for pulsational variability in CP stars. Time series photometric and spectroscopic observations of these newly discovered stars are reported here. Fourier analyses of the time series photometry reveal that HD 98851 is pulsating mainly with frequencies 0.208 mHz and 0.103 mHz, and HD 102480 is pulsating with frequencies 0.107 mHz, 0.156 mHz and 0.198 mHz. The frequency identifications are all subject to 1 d$^{-1}$ cycle count ambiguities. We have matched the observed low resolution spectra of HD 98851 and HD 102480 in the range 3500-7400 \AA with theoretical synthetic spectra using Kurucz models with solar metallicity and a micro-turbulent velocity 2 km s$^{-1}$. These yield $T_{eff}=7000\pm250$ K, log $g=3.5 \pm 0.5$ for HD 98851 and $T_{eff} = 6750 \pm 250$ K, log $g = 3.0 \pm 0.5$ for HD 102480. We determined the equivalent H-line spectral class of these stars to be F1 IV and F3 III/IV, respectively. A comparison of the location of HD 98851 and HD 102480 in the HR diagram with theoretical stellar evolutionary tracks indicates that both stars are about 1-Gyr-old, 2-$M_{\odot}$ stars that lie towards the red edge of the $\delta$ Sct instability strip. We conclude that HD 98851 and HD 102480 are cool, evolved Am pulsators. The light curves of these pulsating stars have alternating high and low amplitudes, nearly harmonic (or sub-harmonic) period ratios, high pulsational overtones and Am spectral types. This is unusual for both Am and $\delta$ Sct pulsators, making these stars interesting objects.Comment: 9 pages, 6 Figures, Accepted for publication in MNRA

Nanostructural zinc oxide hollow spheres: A facile synthesis and catalytic properties

The development of reproducible procedures for the synthesis and organization of nanostructured metal oxides is important in order to exploit the unique properties of these materials for practical applications. The present work describes the transformation of Zn(NH3)4] 2+ into hollow structured ZnO materials through solvothermal decomposition. An increase in ammonia concentration in the reaction medium, significantly changes the morphology of ZnO from spheres made of nanoparticles (20-30 nm) to hollow spheres composed of nanorods (200-350 nm) or to free microrods as evidenced from scanning and transmission electron micrographs (SEM/TEM). The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of ZnO confirms formation of the wurtzite structure. Raman and Energy-dispersive spectroscopic (EDS) studies indicate the presence of oxygen deficiency in ZnO. The investigation on the catalytic behavior of ZnO in the synthesis of (4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl) methanone (MPPM) by Friedel-Crafts acylation of anisole with benzoyl chloride has also been carried out. The results reveal that the prepared ZnO could produce �98 of yield compared to 41 produced by commercial ZnO. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Effect of in situ soil moisture conservation practices on maize and its crop residue incorporation on yield and economics of succeeding transplanted rice Var. ADT 46

Crop residue incorporation is a key component of sustainable cropping systems. It reduces the adverse effects of residue burning and enhances soil fertility. Effective usage of crop residue in the field and proper management are required. With this background, a field experiment was conducted during 2020 – 21 in the maize-rice cropping sequence at Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu to find out the residual effect of different mulching practices adopted in preceding maize crop and maize stubble incorporation on the growth, yield and economics of transplanted rice Var. ADT 46. The field experiment was conducted in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. In factor I, soil moisture conservation in preceding maize crop viz., mulching of sugarcane trash, water hyacinth, hydrogel and control were allotted. In factor II, different levels of maize crop stubble incorporation on rice viz., 0, 33, 66 and 100% were provided. Water hyacinth mulched plot (M3) to the preceding crop registered significantly (þ <0.05) higher yield parameters, yield and economic returns of succeeding rice. The lower values were observed in unmulched (M1) plot. With respect to maize crop stubble incorporation on rice crop, the incorporation of 66% (SI3) of maize stubble registered higher yield parameters, yield and economic returns. In the interaction effects, mulching with water hyacinth to preceding maize + maize crop stubble incorporation at 66% in rice crop (M3SI3) recorded significantly (þ <0.05) higher yield parameters, yield and economic returns than other treatments. The lowest values were recorded with an unmulched + 100% crop residue incorporated (M1SI4) plot. Mulching the preceding maize crop with water hyacinth at a rate of 12 t ha-1 and incorporating 66% maize stubble into the transplanted rice (M3SI3) had a remarkable yield advantage and financial rewards

Signless Laplacian polynomial for splice and link of graphs

The signless Laplacian matrix of a graph G is Q(G) = A(G) + D(G), where A(G) is the adjacency matrix and D(G) is the diagonal degree matrix of a graph G. The characteristic polynomial of the signless Laplacian matrix is called the signless Laplacian polynomial. The present work is all about the study of signless Laplacian polynomial for the splice of more than two graphs and the link of such graphs. It is noted that such a study is easier when we take into account of the vertex set partition being an equitable partition, because equitable partition of the vertex set reduces the computational steps and also the quotient matrix polynomial is a part of the polynomial of a graph. In this paper we consider the splice and links of complete graphs and of complete bipartite graphs and obtain the signless Laplacian polynomial of these using equitable partition of the vertex set.Publisher's Versio

A Comparative Analysis of Psychiatric Profile, Depression and Body Dysmorphic Disorder in patients with Amputation and Post Stroke.

INTRODUCTION: Amputation is defined as the removal of extremities of body part by trauma or by Surgical procedure. Amputees may feel empty, and mutilated. Amputation due to Trauma is a catastrophic injury and causes major disability in most of the cases (Wald 2004)1. Loss of limb is associated with low self-esteem, body image Disturbance, social isolation and also a sense of stigmatization (William et al. 2004). In many conditions amputation is unavoidable. Irrespective of the aetiology, Amputation is considered as a mutilating surgery and it definitely affects the lives Of the patients (De Godoy et al. 2002). Limb amputation is a more commonly Occurring event in the present society. The loss of a limb distorts the individual’s body image leading to the thought of Not being a complete human being. The loss of the functions performed with that Limb renders him helpless for sometime. The amputee not only loses physical Functioning, he also loses hope and future aspirations, his plans and ambitions get Shattered. Thus, he loses not only a limb but also a part of his world and future. Most of them remain anxious and worried about their interpersonal relationship in The social, vocational, familial and marital milieu. Individuals having an overt Mental breakdown will need active psychiatric intervention whereas careful Psychiatric interview is necessary for the ones whose mental symptoms are not so Obvious. Limb loss is a major event that can severely impact the psychological health of the Individual concerned. Studies show that 20-60% of the amputees attending follow Up clinics are assessed to be clinically depressed. Individuals with traumatic Amputation irrespective of the age are likely to suffer from body image problems, But these findings are more common in younger individuals. The psychological Reactions to amputation are clearly diverse ranging from severe disability at one Extreme; and a determination to effectively resume a full and active life at other End. In adults the age at which an individual receives the amputation is an Important factor. Studies by Bradway JK et al (1984)2, Kohl SJ Et al (1984)3, Livneh H (1999)4, on the psycho-social adaptation to amputation has led to a Plethora of clinical and empirical findings. Kingdon D et al 1982 equated Amputation with loss of one’s perception of wholeness, while (Parkes CM 1976)5 With loss of spouse and (Block WE et al (1963)6 with symbolic castration & even Death. The individual’s response to a traumatic event is influenced by personality Traits, pre-morbid psychological state, gender, peri-traumatic dissociation, Prolonged disability of traumatic events, lack of social support and inadequate Coping strategies. Previous studies on amputation mainly focused on demographic Profile, coping skills and outcome; with there being a scarcity of literature on Prevalence of various specific psychiatric disorders in the post-amputation period. Most patients with a limb loss irrespective of whether due to traumatic injury or Surgical procedures go through a series of complex psychological reactions Reported by Cansever et al (2003)8. Most people try to cope with it, those who Don’t succeed develop psychiatric symptoms Frank et al (1984)7. Shukla et Al9 noted that psychological intervention in some form is needed in about 50% of All amputees, and Shukla et al9 reported depression to be the most common Psychological reaction following amputation. The three major problems faced by many amputees are anxiety, depression and Physical disability (Green 2007) Horgan & maclachlan (2004)10 found that anxiety is associated with depression, Low self esteem, poorer quality of life and higher level of general anxiety. Both Anxiety and depression are associated with higher disability as age increases. Body image is the combination of psychosocial adjustment and attitude of the Individual that are related to the function and appearance of one’s own body which Can be influenced by the individual and his environmental factors (Horgan & Maclachlan 2004)10. Each person has an idealized body image, which he uses for Measuring perceptions and concepts of his or her own body (Fishman, 1959)11. From another perspective, Flannery & Faria (1999) body image is viewed as a Dynamic, changing phenomenon occurring in a person and it is formed by the Constantly changing perceptions about his body. According to Newell (1991)13, Attractive people after amputation will receive less reinforcement from others Leading to low self-esteem and reduced positive self-image. Jacobsen et al (1997) Supports this stating i.e. Amputation leads to disfigurement which in turn leads to a Negative body image and greater loss of social acceptance. The relationship Between disability experience and stigma are interwoven and inter-dependent. The Reason for the amputee’s subjective perception of being unfit for the society Probably is that body image provides a sense of ‘’self’ ’and also affects the Persons thinking (Wald 2004)1. According to Kolb (1975)14, changes in body Image may cause series of psychological reactions. The psychiatric aspect of amputation has received scant interest in our country, in Spite of accidental injuries being common (Shukla et al., 1982)9. The commonest Psychiatric disorder seen in amputees is major depression. Randall et al. (1945)15 Have reported an incidence of 61 % in non-battle casualties, while Shukla et al. (1982)9 found depressive neurosis (40%) and psychiatric depression (22%) to be The leading psychiatric disorders in amputees; only 35% of the total sample in the Later study had nil psychiatric disorders. The paucity of literature in this field has Prompted us to study about amputation and its co morbid psychiatric conditions so That proper care & management for the patients can be planned. The present study Was undertaken with the aim of studying the psychiatric problems especially Anxiety, depression and Body Dysmorphic Disorder which may be associated with Disability or changed life circumstances in the immediate post-amputation period. A comparison was made with Stroke patients, as these patients often experience Physical and social handicaps similar to amputees. Depression is the most common mood disorder to follow stroke (Starkstein & Robinson, 1989), with major depression affecting around one quarter to one third Of patients (Hackett16).. Depression hampers functional recovery in a post stroke individual. In Diagnostic And statistical manual (DSM) IV Post Stroke Depression classified under “mood Disorder due to general medical condition (i.e. Stroke)” with the specific depressive Features, major depressive-like episodes, manic features or mixed features. Studies Describe that cerebral ischemia is associated with two types of depressive disorder. Incidence of major and minor depression is 25% and 30% respectively. Prevalence May vary over time with an apparent peak 3months after the stroke and Subsequently decline in prevalence at 1 year. Robinson and colleagues studies Showed a spontaneous remission in the natural course of major depression Occurring post stroke in the first to second year following stroke. However in few Cases depression may become chronic and persist for a longer period. While some propose that post stroke depression is due to stroke affecting the Neural circuits concerned with mood regulation (thereby supporting a primary Biological mechanism), others in the scientific community claim it to be due to the Ensuing psycho-social stressors occurring as a result of stroke. Though an Integrated bio- psycho- social model is warranted, most studies clearly suggest Biological mechanism to have an upper hand in the later post stroke period than in The immediate phase. In the same way Anxiety is also common in post stroke individuals with the Incidence rate being 20%, and it is most common in first three to four months after The stroke. Studies and literatures on post stroke anxiety are very few still remain in its Infancy. Studies have concentrated on socio-demographic variables, cognitive Functions and laterality as examined for post stroke depression. Many studies show That there is correlation between anxiety and right hemisphere lesions and also that Co-morbid post stroke anxiety and depression are associated with left hemisphere Lesions [Astrom, (1996)17]. Many studies have shown the relationship between post Stroke anxiety, age and gender. Women and younger individuals are more Vulnerable to develop post stroke anxiety (Morrison, walter et al 200069), while Another study reports no such relationship (Schultz et al).1

Surfactant free hydrothermally derived ZnO nanowires, nanorods, microrods and their characterization

ZnO nanowires, nanorods and microrods have been prepared by an organic-free hydrothermal process using ZnSO4 and NaOH/NH4OH solutions. The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns reveal that the ZnO nano/microrods are of hexagonal wurtzite structure. The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum of ZnO powder shows only one significant spectroscopic band at around 417 cm-1 associated with the characteristic vibrational mode of Zn-O bonding. The thickness 75-300 nm for ZnO nanorods and 0.2-1.8 μm for microrods are identified from SEM/TEM images. UV-visible absorption spectra of ZnO nano/microrods show the blue shift. The UV band and green emission observed in photoluminescence (PL) spectra are due to free exciton emission and singly ionized oxygen vacancy in ZnO. Finally, the mechanism for organic-free hydrothermal synthesis of the ZnO nano/microrods is discussed. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

OPTIMIZATION AND IN VIVO EVALUATION OF MESALAMINE pH DEPENDENT COATED PELLETS FOR PROMISING ILEOCECAL TARGETING

The present research is a challenge to design, optimized and evaluates mesalamine loaded burst release pH dependent coated pellets for possible ileo-cecal targeting to treat effectively Crohn’s disease. The novelty of this formulation is to release drug specifically and instantly in ileo-cecal region where the chances of Crohn’s disease is more frequent, without being released in upper gastrointestinal tract. Preliminary experimental batches are studied for micromeritic properties and in-vitro drug release. Formulation  showed desirable lag time of 5h and dissolution profile were further optimized by applying 32 full factorial design to study the effect of extent of coating (% w/w) Eudragit S100 and croscarmellose sodium over drug layered pellets. The regression equation generated for Q300 (lag time of 5h) = +5.72-31.97*A+0.82*B-0.49*A*B+26.36*A2-0.15*B2 and for Q390 (90% of drug release at pH7.2 within 90 minutes after lag time) = +84.63- 40.09*A+4.62*B. The drug release data of optimized formulation were close to that predicted by the model. Various kinetic models were applied to the all optimized batches. In vivo evaluation of optimized formulations was performed to assess macroscopic, microscopic and biochemical parameters in rats and performed. The present study demonstrates that the mesalamine enteric coated pellets successfully targeted at ileo-cecal region.Key words: Mesalamine, pulsatile, ileo-cecal targeting, celpheres, Croscarmellose sodium, eudragit S10

A Study on Ratio Analysis at Manufacturer of Tillers and Tractors, Malur

This research article provides an in-depth examination of ratio analysis as a fundamental tool for evaluating the financial performance and stability of businesses. Ratio analysis involves the calculation and interpretation of various financial ratios, such as liquidity, profitability, leverage, and efficiency ratios, to assess a company's fiscal health. The abstract summarizes the prominence of ratio analysis in decision-making processes for investors, creditors, and management. It also discusses key ratio categories and their significance in assessing different aspects of financial performance. Furthermore, the abstract highlights the limitations and challenges associated with ratio analysis and its value in guiding strategic financial planning. The findings emphasize the crucial role of ratio analysis in making informed business and investment decisions