Simulation of Multilayer Layer Antireflection Coating for Visible and Near IR Region on Silicon Substrate Using Matlab Program

In this work , double layer and three antireflection coating were designed and simulated , optical reflection values were deduced with a matrix formulation via a personal computer using matlab program, six materials has been selected to investigated of the reflection as function of wavelength in visible region and near IR between (400- 1200nm) on silicon substrate and central wavelength at 900nm the result show double layer quarter-quarter wave optical thickness has good preference antireflection has been reduced reflection from 32% for silicon surface to 3% and for three layer coatings , the results obtained broadband antireflection spectra and several form antireflection that have zero reflection in double and three layer antireflection coating . The refractive index and the optical thickness of each layer are adjusting to optimum antireflection coatings on silicon solar cells

Heat and mass transfer on MHD squeezing flow of jeffrey nanofluid in horizontal channel through permeable medium

The heat and mass transfer on time dependent hydrodynamic squeeze flow of Jeffrey nanofluid across two plates over permeable medium in the slip condition with heat generation/absorption, thermal radiation and chemical reaction are investigated. The impacts of Brownian motion and thermophoresis is examined in the Buongiorno's nanofluid model. Conversion of the governing partial differential equations to the ordinary differential equations is conducted via similarity transformation. The dimensionless equations are solved by imposing numerical method of Keller-box. The outputs are compared with previous reported works in the journals for the validation of the present outputs and found in proper agreement. The behavior of velocity, temperature, and nanoparticles concentration profiles by varying the pertinent parameters are examined. Findings portray that the acceleration of the velocity profile and the wall shear stress is due to the squeezing of plates. Furthermore, the velocity, temperature and concentration profile decline with boost in Hartmann number and ratio of relaxation to retardation times. It is discovered that the rate of heat transfer and temperature profile increase when viscous dissipation, thermophoresis and heat source/sink rises. In contrast, the increment of thermal radiation reduces the temperature and enhances the heat transfer rate. Besides, the mass transfer rate decelerates for increasing Brownian motion in nanofluid, while it elevates when chemical reaction and thermophoresis increases

Slip effects on mhd squeezing flow of jeffrey nanofluid in horizontal channel with chemical reaction

The heat and mass transfer characteristics on hydromagnetic squeeze flow of Jeffrey nanofluid between two plates over a permeable medium by slip condition with the influences of viscous dissipation and chemical reaction is examined. Buongiorno’s nanofluid model, which includes Brownian motion and thermophoresis impacts, is implemented in this research. The gov-erning nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed to the nonlinear ordinary differential equations via asimilarity transformation. The transformed equations are solved by employing numerical techniques of Keller-box. A comparison of the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers with reported outputs in the journals are carried out to validate the present outputs. An excellent agreement is found. The results show that the squeezing of plates accelerates the velocity and wall shear stress. Furthermore, the velocity, temperature and concentration profile decrease when the Hartmann number and ratio of relaxation and retardation times increases. The raise in thermophoresis and viscous dissipation elevate the temperature profile and the heat transfer rate. Furthermore, the mass transfer rate declines due to the strong Brownian motion in the nanofluid, whereas it increases with the addition of chemical reaction and thermophoresis

Neural traces of stress: cortisol related sustained enhancement of amygdala-hippocampal functional connectivity

Stressful experiences modulate neuro-circuitry function, and the temporal trajectory of these alterations, elapsing from early disturbances to late recovery, heavily influences resilience and vulnerability to stress. Such effects of stress may depend on processes that are engaged during resting-state, through active recollection of past experiences and anticipation of future events, all known to involve the default mode network (DMN). By inducing social stress and acquiring resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before stress, immediately following it, and 2 h later, we expanded the time-window for examining the trajectory of the stress response. Throughout the study repeated cortisol samplings and self-reports of stress levels were obtained from 51 healthy young males. Post-stress alterations were investigated by whole brain resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of two central hubs of the DMN: the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and hippocampus. Results indicate a ’recovery’ pattern of DMN connectivity, in which all alterations, ascribed to the intervening stress, returned to pre-stress levels. The only exception to this pattern was a stress-induced rise in amygdala-hippocampal connectivity, which was sustained for as long as 2 h following stress induction. Furthermore, this sustained enhancement of limbic connectivity was inversely correlated to individual stress-induced cortisol responsiveness (AUCi) and characterized only the group lacking such increased cortisol (i.e., non-responders). Our observations provide evidence of a prolonged post-stress response profile, characterized by both the comprehensive balance of most DMN functional connections and the distinct time and cortisol dependent ascent of intra-limbic connectivity. These novel insights into neuro-endocrine relations are another milestone in the ongoing search for individual markers in stress-related psychopathologies

Numerous proteins with unique characteristics are degraded by the 26S proteasome following monoubiquitination

The "canonical" proteasomal degradation signal is a substrate-anchored polyubiquitin chain. However, a handful of proteins were shown to be targeted following monoubiquitination. In this study, we established-in both human and yeast cells-a systematic approach for the identification of monoubiquitination-dependent proteasomal substrates. The cellular wild-type polymerizable ubiquitin was replaced with ubiquitin that cannot form chains. Using proteomic analysis, we screened for substrates that are nevertheless degraded under these conditions compared with those that are stabilized, and therefore require polyubiquitination for their degradation. For randomly sampled representative substrates, we confirmed that their cellular stability is in agreement with our screening prediction. Importantly, the two groups display unique features: monoubiquitinated substrates are smaller than the polyubiquitinated ones, are enriched in specific pathways, and, in humans, are structurally less disordered. We suggest that monoubiquitination-dependent degradation is more widespread than assumed previously, and plays key roles in various cellular processes

UVB-Induced Tumor Heterogeneity Diminishes Immune Response in Melanoma

Although clonal neo-antigen burden is associated with improved response to immune therapy, the functional basis for this remains unclear. Here we study this question in a novel controlled mouse melanoma model that enables us to explore the effects of intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) on tumor aggressiveness and immunity independent of tumor mutational burden. Induction of UVB-derived mutations yields highly aggressive tumors with decreased anti-tumor activity. However, single-cell-derived tumors with reduced ITH are swiftly rejected. Their rejection is accompanied by increased T cell reactivity and a less suppressive microenvironment. Using phylogenetic analyses and mixing experiments of single-cell clones, we dissect two characteristics of ITH: the number of clones forming the tumor and their clonal diversity. Our analysis of melanoma patient tumor data recapitulates our results in terms of overall survival and response to immune checkpoint therapy. These findings highlight the importance of clonal mutations in robust immune surveillance and the need to quantify patient ITH to determine the response to checkpoint blockade

Healthy cells functionally present TAP-independent SSR1 peptides: implications for selection of clinically relevant antigens

Tumors with an impaired transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) present several endoplasmic reticulum-derived self-antigens on HLA class I (HLA-I) which are absent on healthy cells. Selection of such TAP-independent antigens for T cell-based immunotherapy should include analysis of their expression on healthy cells to prevent therapy-induced adverse toxicities. However, it is unknown how the absence of clinically relevant antigens on healthy cells needs to be validated. Here, we monitored TAP-independent antigen presentation on various healthy cells after establishing a T cell tool recognizing a TAP-independent signal sequence receptor 1-derived antigen. We found that most but not all healthy cells present this antigen under normal and inflammatory conditions, indicating that TAP-independent antigen presentation is a variable phenomenon. Our data emphasize the necessity of extensive testing of a wide variety of healthy cell types to define clinically relevant TAP-independent antigens that can be safely targeted by immunotherapy.Immunobiology of allogeneic stem cell transplantation and immunotherapy of hematological disease