Autonomie et hétéronomie de la politique : la question de la finalité

Ce titre quelque peu abstrait renvoie tout d'abord « la question de la finalité » à un problème précis et capital traité par Marcel Gauchet dans son article, mais aussi à une question, esquissée dans mon livre Les Arts de gouverner et qui fait l'objet de mes recherches actuelles : celle de l'autonomie et de l'hétéronomie de la politique, ou plus exactement celle du jeu entre autonomie et hétéronomie dans la formation du plan d'immanence de la politique depuis la fin du Moyen Âge. Après avoir ..

El pensamiento político de la Contrarreforma y la razón de estado

This article reconstructs the history of political thought from the sixteenth to the first decades of seventeenth century: a period of strong conflicts between the religious sphere and the political changes of the states in their trajectory towards absolutism. The analysis of the polemic against Machiavelli, Bodin and the <em>politiques</em> shows how it was questioned at the conceptual and practical levels the autonomy of politics from religious morality and the tendency of the states to evade ecclesiastical control respectively. The schools of thought discussed here –from anti-Machiavellism to the encomiastic literature of the existent governments, from Tacitism to the reason State, to the critical writings of the society, mainly utopia- outline on the one hand, the effort to preserve an image of politics as just government, with a virtuous prince, but on the other, the inevitable commitment to the praxis of political realism, well represented by the developments of the concept of reason of State in Botero and other writers from the seventeenth century. It was only with the arrival of Modern natural law which brought to the fore the questions of the origin and purpose of civil society, that political thought partly detached from the eternal conflict between morals and political praxis opening the era of rational and scientific research and individual rights.<br><br>Este artículo reconstruye la historia del pensamiento político de la segunda mitad del siglo XVI a las primeras décadas del siglo XVII: un período de fuertes conflictos entre la esfera religiosa y los cambios políticos de los estados más avanzados hacia el absolutismo. El análisis de la polémica contra Maquiavelo, Bodin, y los <em>politiques</em> muestra como fueron cuestionados en el plano conceptual la autonomía de la política de la moral religiosa y en el plano práctico la tendencia de los estados a sustraerse del control eclesiástico. Las corrientes de pensamiento que se analizan aquí –del antimaquiavelismo a la literatura encomiástica de los gobiernos existentes, del tacitismo a la razón de Estado, hasta las escrituras críticas de la sociedad como la utopía- perfilan por un lado el esfuerzo de conservar una imagen de la política como gobierno justo, con un príncipe virtuoso, pero por el otro el inevitable compromiso con las praxis del realismo político, bien representado por la evolución del concepto de razón de Estado en Botero y en otros escritores del siglo XVII. Fue sólo con la llegada del derecho natural moderno, que puso en primer plano la cuestión del origen y los fines de la sociedad civil, que el pensamiento político se sustrajo en parte de la discusión sobre el eterno conflicto entre moral y praxis política para abrir la era de la investigación racional y científica y de los derechos individuales

SYSTRAN Participation to the WMT2018 Shared Task on Parallel Corpus Filtering

International audienc

XML Translation Workflow

International audienceCustomization of Machine Translation (MT) is a prerequisite for corporations to adopt the technology. It is therefore important but nonetheless challenging. Ongoing implementation proves that XML is an excellent exchange device between MT modules that efficiently enables interaction between the user and the processes to reach highly granulated structure-based customization. Accomplished through an innovative approach called the SYSTRAN Translation Stylesheet, this method is coherent with the current evolution of the “authoring process”. As a natural progression, the next stage in the customization process is the integration of MT in a multilingual tool kit designed for the “authoring process”

XML Translation Workflow

International audienceCustomization of Machine Translation (MT) is a prerequisite for corporations to adopt the technology. It is therefore important but nonetheless challenging. Ongoing implementation proves that XML is an excellent exchange device between MT modules that efficiently enables interaction between the user and the processes to reach highly granulated structure-based customization. Accomplished through an innovative approach called the SYSTRAN Translation Stylesheet, this method is coherent with the current evolution of the “authoring process”. As a natural progression, the next stage in the customization process is the integration of MT in a multilingual tool kit designed for the “authoring process”

Wages and international price competitiveness Germany vs U.K

Available from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:3597.3859(LBS-CEF-DP--16-96) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo