Planificación estratégica de la comunicación publicitaria: Smart ForTwo Electric Drive

En las últimas décadas, el movimiento social ecologista ha ido ganando peso en la sociedad, llegando a establecerse como un valor determinante a la hora de elegir nuestros objetos de consumo. Partiendo de este marco, se ha ido desarrollando un nuevo tipo de vehículos, los eléctricos, que cubran ese segmento. El Smart Fortwo Electric Drive, además de querer establecerse dentro del mercado, quiere cambiar la relación funcional que el público establece con la marca por tamaño, creando un estilo de vida alrededor de Smart que la distinga de su competencia. Para este proyecto, pretendemos realizar una investigación de cerca y, un análisis de las debilidades y fortalezas de la marca, para poder así desarrollar la planificación estratégica. Además, pretendemos llevar a cabo una cata para comprobar qué imagen tiene el público del producto Smart.Grado en Publicidad y Relaciones Pública

Creación de una agencia que brinde el servicio de niñeras a domicilio por horas en el cantón Milagro.

"El contenido de este trabajo busca satisfacer la necesidad del mercado, el mismo que está direccionado a brindar un servicio de cuidado de niños a través de niñeras altanamente calificadas en el cantón Milagro, cabe mencionar que en esta localidad existen guarderías posicionadas, sin embargo la ciudadanía en especial la población femenina no se sienten satisfecha con el servicio que reciben o más bien con el servicio que reciben los niños, por ello, para fundamentar la propuesta se realizó una encuesta dirigida a la población femenina milagreña, el criterio que plasmaron en el proceso de en cuestación  sirvió de mucha ayuda ya que se pudo conocer las necesidades, exigencias y expectativas de las personas sobre el servicio, donde lo más importante para estas personas es la seguridad, el trato y el ambiente en donde sus hijos pueda dan recrearse en un ambiente agradable y familiar, por tal razón, la estructura organizacional de la empresa y todo lo que compone y todo lo que propone la propuesta está establecida en el capítulo del proyecto donde se observan todos los componentes para mantener la empresa bien definida así como una proyección financiera rentable otra vez de los índices financieros conocidos con el nombre de VAN y la TIR, es decir la propuesta es agradable, innovadora y rentable. Factores más importantes para poner en marcha esta propuesta lo más pronto posible ya que existe una amplia demanda insatisfecha y este negocio resulte la opción o alternativa más variable para satisfacer el mercado"

Historical palaeohydrology and landscape resilience of a Mediterranean rambla (Castellon, NE Spain): Floods and people.

This paper provides a new methodological approach to analyse secular patterns of flooding (magnitude and frequency) from sedimentary evidence (palaeofloods), taking into account changes in channel geometry, and their links to historical environmental changes and the inherent social and demographic evolution within the catchment. A case study analysis was focused in Rambla de la Viuda (drainage area of 1500 km2) whose stream flow is related to extreme rainfalls. A 500 years sedimentary archive was reconstructed from eight stratigraphic profiles comprising continuous sequences of slackwater flood deposits interbedded with episodic colluvial and edaphic horizons. Discharge estimates associated to sedimentary flood evidences were obtained from one-dimensional hydraulic modelling. The stratigraphic units were sampled to characterise their geochemical and paleobotanical (phytoliths) contents. Palaeoflood chronology was obtained from radiocarbon and luminescence (OSL) dating, supported by documentary data (written historical documents). A high frequency and high magnitude palaeoflood period took place during the 15th-middle 16th century, which seem to correlate in time with general wetter conditions. Three short-term environment stability conditions (land use and climatic) also made possible the development of three paleosols. The lowest flood magnitude and discharges in the sedimentary record was found between the mid-17th to mid-18th centuries, under prevailing drier environmental conditions. Episodic high magnitude flooding took place at late 18th century, correlating in time with palaeovegetation and geochemical evidences of important changes on land use (deforestation and grazing). Poorer developed soils were found at upper stratigraphic sequences (19th century) characterised by thick units of colluvium deposits, usually culminating sequences of short-lived continuous slackwater flood units. Despite of the potential human influence (land-use) on soil hydrology, the longterm behaviour of high magnitude floods (>1000 m3 s-1) has been stationary over the last 500 years

Hormones and bile acids as biomarkers for the characterization of animal management in prehistoric sheepfold caves: El Mirador case (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain

Early husbandry practices that include herd management and the use of livestock areas such as sheepfold caves can be analysed in the context of different disciplines (e.g. zooarchaeology, micromorphology, and archaeobotany). In this study, a new and standard method for the determination of bile acids and steroidal hormones that incorporates microwave extraction-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used. This method has been applied successfully to analyse Neolithic fumier deposit facies from the El Mirador cave, a location that was used as a prehistoric sheepfold and is located in the Atapuerca range (Burgos, Spain). The results obtained demonstrated that the analysis of bile acids can be useful for the identification of remains of ruminant residues in the facies studied. In addition, the progesterone/deoxycholic acid ratio has been used as a possible biomarker to improve our understanding of flock management, including the separation of pregnant and nursing ewes from the rest of the herd to avoid the rejection of the lamb and keep them safe and healthy.The authors thank the technical and human support provided by the Alava Central Service of Analysis of SGIker (UPV/EHU, MINECO, GV/ EJ, ERDF, and ESF) and Paula Rivero for the elaboration of the graphical abstract. Patricia Martín is grateful for her postdoctoral fellowship to Juan de la Cierva Subprogramme (FJCI-2016-29045) with financial sponsorship from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness and for her recent "Maria de Maeztu" excellenceaccreditation from the Spanish Minstry of Science and Innovation (CEX2019-000945-M), and to Ane Gorostizu-Orkaiztegi for her pre- doctoral fellowships to the University of the Basque Country. This work was funded by the Department of Industry, Innovation, Commerce, and Tourism of the Basque Government (SAI12/25 Project), the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University (PGC 2018-093925-B- C32 project) and by the Basque Government, Research Groups of the Basque University System (Project No. IT925-16)

Persistence of decidual NK cells and KIR genotypes in healthy pregnant and preeclamptic women: a case-control study in the third trimester of gestation

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Natural Killer (NK) cells are the most abundant lymphocytes in the decidua during early gestation. The interactions of NK cells with the extravillous cytotrophoblast have been associated with a normal spiral artery remodeling process, an essential event for a successful pregnancy. Recent data indicate that alterations in the amount of decidual NK (dNK) cells contribute to the development of preeclampsia (PE). Moreover, genetic studies suggest that Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) expressed in dNK cells influence the susceptibility to PE. Although dNK cells have been well characterized during early pregnancy, they have been scarcely studied in the third trimester of gestation. The aim of this work was to characterize dNK cells at the last trimester of gestation and to analyze the KIR genotype of healthy and PE women.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Decidual samples were obtained during Caesarean section from control (n = 10) and PE (n = 9) women. Flow cytometric analysis of CD3, CD56, CD16 and CD9 was used to characterize and quantify dNK cells in both groups. Cell surface markers from decidual leukocytes were compared with PBMC from healthy donors.</p> <p>KIR genotyping was performed in genomic DNA (control, n = 86; PE, n = 90) using <it>PCR-SSP.</it></p> <p>Results</p> <p>The results indicate that dNK cells persist throughout pregnancy. They represented 20% of total leukocytes in control and PE groups, and they expressed the same cell surface markers (CD3^-, CD56⁺, CD16^-and CD9⁺) as dNK in the first trimester of gestation. There were no significant differences in the percentage of dNK cells between control and PE groups. The analysis of KIR gene frequencies and genotypes was not statistically different between control and PE groups. The ratio of activating to inhibitory genes indicated that the overall inhibitory balance (0.2-0.5) was more frequent in the PE group (control, 31.3% <it>vs </it>PE, 45.5%), and the activating balance (0.6-1.1) was more frequent in the control group (control, 68.6% <it>vs </it>PE, 54.4%). However this difference was not significant.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We demonstrated the persistence of dNK cells in PE and control women at the third trimester of pregnancy; these dNK cells had a similar phenotype to those found during early pregnancy. The predominance of a KIR inhibitory balance in the PE group could be associated to the physiopathology of PE.</p

Determinação de arsênio total e de sua especiação química em produtos à base de arroz e isentos de glúten

Introduction: Arsenic (As) is a chemical element known to be carcinogenic and capable of contaminating humans through water and food. Among foods, rice has significant importance due to its high consumption and capacity to accumulate As under its various chemical species, which determine As biological effects. For this reason, the intake of this element is regulated nationally and internationally. As different arsenical species have different toxicities, it is important to determine each one in the food. Objective:This study aimed to verify the existence and measure the significance of matrix effects on the results of chemical speciation in samples of rice-based products. Method: The total As concentration in the 15 samples of products derived from rice were analyzed by ICP/MS and the chemical speciation by HPLC-ICP/MS. Results:The total As concentrations were between 31.6 and 311.6 mg kg-1 and 2 samples were above the recommended limits. The chemical species As (II), MMA, DMA and As (V) were determined and the sum of their concentrations produced results compatible with the declared values in certified materials and with the total As in products with simple composition. However, greater variability (13 to 97%) was observed in samples containing proteins, fibers, carbohydrates and fats. Conclusions: The presence of fibers, proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the food formulation negatively impacted the results and confirms the need for further studies to overcome these interferences.  Introdução: O arsênio (As) é um elemento químico reconhecidamente carcinogênico capaz de contaminar o homem por meio das águas e dos alimentos. Dentre os alimentos, o arroz tem significativa importância devido ao seu elevado consumo e à sua capacidade de acumular As sob diversas espécies químicas, as quais determinam os seus efeitos biológicos. Por esta razão, a ingestão desse elemento é regulada nacional e internacionalmente. Como as diferentes espécies arsenicais possuem diferentes toxicidades, é importante a determinação de cada uma nos alimentos. Objetivo: Verificar a existência e dimensionar a significância de efeitos matriciais sobre os resultados da especiação química em amostras de produtos à base de arroz. Método: A concentração de As total nas 15 amostras de produtos derivados do arroz foi analisada por ICP/MS e a especiação química por HPLCICP/MS. Resultados: As concentrações de As total situaram-se entre 31,6 e 311,6 mg.kg-1 e duas amostras encontravam-se acima dos limites recomendados. As espécies químicas As (II), MMA, DMA e As (V) foram determinadas e o somatório de suas concentrações produziu resultados compatíveis com os valores declarados nos materiais certificados e com a concentração de As total nos produtos de composição simples. No entanto, observou-se maior variabilidade (13% a 97%) para amostras complexas contendo fibras, carboidratos, proteínas e gorduras. Conclusões: A presença na formulação dos alimentos de fibras, proteínas, óleos e carboidratos, nesta ordem, impactou negativamente os resultados obtidos e confirma a necessidade de mais estudos para superar estas interferências.

Effects of challenge dose and inoculation route of the virulent Neospora caninum Nc-Spain7 isolate in pregnant cattle at mid-gestation

International audienceAbstractParameters such as pathogen dose and inoculation route are paramount in animal models when studying disease pathogenesis. Here, clinical findings, including foetal mortality, parasite transmission rates and lesion severity, and immune responses were evaluated in Asturiana pregnant heifers at day 110 of gestation challenged with a virulent (Nc-Spain7) Neospora caninum isolate. Four different doses of parasite tachyzoites were inoculated intravenously (IV1, 107 parasites, n = 6; IV2, 105, n = 6; IV3, 103, n = 6; and IV4, 102, n = 5), and the subcutaneous (SC) inoculation route was also assessed for the dose of 105 tachyzoites (SC, n = 6). In addition, a control group (n = 4 pregnant heifers) was evaluated. Foetal death was observed in all infected groups from 25 to 62 days post-infection, varying with the dose (IV1:4/6, IV2:3/6; IV4:2/5, IV3:1/6), and was three times less frequently associated with the SC route than IV inoculation (1/6 vs. 3/6). A dose-dependent effect for parasite loads in placental and foetal brain tissues was also detected. After SC challenge, a reduced number of tachyzoites were able to reach foetal brain tissues, and no lesions were observed. In calves, specific IgG responses in precolostral sera were mainly associated with high-dose groups (IV1 [100.0%] and IV2 [66.7%]), and cerebral parasite DNA detection was scarce (3/18). In dams, IFN-γ production and the dynamics of anti-N. caninum IgG antibodies varied with the dose, and the cell-mediated immune response was also found to be route-dependent. Our results confirm the influence of parasite dose and inoculation route on the outcome and dynamics of bovine neosporosis at mid-gestation

Bio-tecnologías ambientales para el tratamiento de residuos ganaderos

La gestión para el manejo y tratamiento de residuos producidos en sociedades modernas representa un reto para la atenuación de la contaminación ambiental. Los residuos de tipo orgánico requieren de tecnologías que ayuden a minimizar el impacto ambiental, principalmente en áreas donde los excedentes dificultan su absorción en el suelo de manera natural. Algunas tecnologías utilizadas en el tratamiento de desechos ganaderos representan alternativas eficaces para reducir impactos ambientales, pérdida de nutrientes así como para generar productos de valor comercial. Sin embargo, la selección y adaptación de estas técnicas suelen dificultarse de acuerdo a diversas estrategias de manejo y legislaciones que existen entre países y regiones. Adicionalmente, es importante que los productores consideren los aspectos sociales, ecológicos y económicos para adoptar técnicas de fácil operatividad, sin costos excesivos, que satisfagan sus requerimientos y puedan realizarse bajo el marco de legislación ambiental vigente. Entre las tecnologías que generalmente se han adoptado en diversas regiones y comunidades rurales sobresalen la bio-metanización y el compostaje. Este documento explora aquellas técnicas que han sido desarrolladas para el tratamiento de estiércoles asociados a los procesos de eliminación, concentración, conversión o en la in- movilización de uno o más de los componentes presentes en los mismos. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54167/tecnociencia.v2i2.7

Antioxidant Activity and Bio-Accessibility of Polyphenols in Black Carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef.) and Two Derived Products during Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion and Colonic Fermentation

Black carrot has been attracting increasing thanks to its high bioactive compound content. This study presents the polyphenol bio-accessibility of black carrot and two derived products (black carrot snack (BC snack) and black carrot seasoning (BC seasoning)) after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and colonic fermentation. Additionally, antioxidant activity was measured by 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. Nine flavonoids and eight anthocyanins were determined by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) analysis, the predominant compounds being the hydroxycinnamic acids 3-O-feruloylquinic acid, 4-O-feruloylquinic acid and chlorogenic acid. The BC snack (108 µmol/g DW) presented the highest total polyphenol content, followed by BC seasoning (53 µmol/g DW) and black carrot (11.4 µmol/g DW). The main polyphenols still bio-accessible after in vitro digestion were the hydroxycinnamic acids, with mean recovery rates of 113 % for black carrot, 69% for BC snack and 81% for BC seasoning. The incubation of black carrot and its derived products with human faecal bacterial resulted in the complete degradation of anthocyanins and in the formation of mainly 3-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid as the major catabolic event. In conclusion, our results suggest that the black carrot matrix impacts significantly affects the bio-accessibility of polyphenols and, therefore, their potential health benefits

Gravedad de caries empleando un criterio del tamaño de la lesión y variables asociadas en una muestra de escolares mexicanos

Objective: To determine the severity of caries (lesion size) and associated variables in Mexican schoolchildren. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1373 schoolchildren 6-12 years old enrolled in public schools in Campeche, Mexico. Questionnaires were distributed to determine demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral variables. Dental examination was performed to each child to establish the size of caries lesions according “Criterion of carious lesion magnitude” index and to allocate according to the number of lesions present to one of four risk groups for developing cavities wherein the first group represents the least affected. A multivariate multinomial logistic regression model was generated. Results: Caries risk groups were distributed as follows: 598 (43.6%) were in group 1; 261 (19.0%) were assigned to group 2; 316 (23.0%) were in group 3; and 198 (14.4%) in group 4. Comparing with the least affected group by carious lesions, associated variables for severity in the multivariate model were “Risk Group 2”: age, sex and developmental enamel defects; “Risk Group 3”: dental care in the past year, mother’s attitude toward oral health and developmental enamel defects; “Risk Group 4”: age, dental care in the past year, mother’s attitude toward oral health and developmental enamel defects. Conclusions: Severity of decay is influenced by demographic, behavioral and clinical variables.Objetivo: Determinar la gravedad de caries (tamaño de la lesión) y las variables asociadas en niños escolares mexicanos. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en 1373 escolares de 6 a 12 años de edad inscritos en escuelas públicas de Campeche, México. Se distribuyeron cuestionarios para determinar una serie de variables sociodemográficas, socioeconómicas y conductuales. Se realizó un examen bucal a cada niño para establecer el tamaño de las lesiones de caries de acuerdo al índice llamado “criterio de magnitud de la lesión cariosa” y asignarlo de acuerdo al número de lesiones presentes a uno de 4 grupos de riesgo para desarrollar caries, en donde el primer grupo representa a los menos afectados. Se generó un modelo multivariado de regresión logística multinomial. Resultados: Los grupos de riesgo a caries quedaron distribuidos de la siguiente manera: 598 (43.6%) fueron del grupo 1; 261 (19.0%) se asignaron al grupo 2; 316 (23.0%) estuvieron en el grupo 3; y 198 (14.4%) en el grupo 4. Comparando con el grupo menos afectado por lesiones cariosas, las variables asociadas en los diferentes grupos de gravedad en el modelo multivariado fueron: grupo de riesgo 2: edad, sexo y defectos de desarrollo del esmalte; grupo de riesgo 3: atención dental en el último año, actitud de la madre hacia la salud bucal y defectos de desarrollo del esmalte; grupo de riesgo 4: edad, atención dental en el último año, actitud de la madre hacia la salud bucal y defectos de desarrollo del esmalte. Conclusiones: La gravedad de caries está influenciada por variables demográficas, conductuales y clínicas