Impacto de la vacunación en el control de la lengua azul

La Lengua Azul (LA) es una enfermedad de reemergencia mundial transmitida por insectos del género Culicoides y que afecta a rumiantes domésticos y algunos silvestres. En Europa es actualmente una enfermedad de gran importancia por las pérdidas económicas que ocasiona. Desde el año 2000 hasta la actualidad en España, ha habido brotes de 4 serotipos distintos de LA, cada uno de ellos con un comportamiento muy diferente en cuanto a distribución, población afectada y patogenicidad. El control en España se realiza mediante el uso de distintas medidas profilácticas, pero la herramienta fundamental para la erradicación es la vacunación. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en profundizar en el impacto de la vacunación en España, para lo cual se ha investigado el papel que ha tenido la vacunación en la evolución de los serotipos de LA en España entre los años 2000 y 2008.The bluetongue virus (BTV) is a reemerging worldwide disease transmitted by insects of the genus Culicoides that affects domestic and some wild ruminants. Currently, it is a disease of great importance in Europe due to the economic losses it causes. Since 2002 in Spain, there have been outbreaks of 4 different serotypes of BTV, each with a different behaviour in terms of distribution, population and pathogenicity. Control in Spain has been possible through the use of different prophylactic measures, but the main tool for the eradication is vaccination. The aim of this work is to assess the impact of vaccination in Spain, through the study of the vaccination influence over BTV serotypes’ evolution in Spain (2000-2008)

¿Cómo entró la lengua azul en el norte de europa?

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Detecciónes de la expresión de citoquinas mediante RT-PCR en tiempo real en ganado ovino

Las citoquinas son moléculas proteicas secretadas por diferentes células, fundamentalmente del sistema inmunitario, como respuesta a una estimulación inmunológica. Existen diferentes técnicas para estudiar la producción y acción de éstas en los individuos. Este estudio consiste en la puesta a punto de una técnica de Retrotranscripción- Reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (RT-PCR) en tiempo real para la detección de la expresión del ARNm que codifica seis citoquinas (TNF-α, IFNγ, IL-4, IL2, IL-10, IL-12). Los resultados preliminares se obtuvieron tras la aplicación de la técnica a linfocitos estimulados in vitro con ConA (Concanavalina A) y LPS (Lipopolisacárido de E.coli) demostrando la detección de ARNm para IL-4, IL-2 e IFNγ y TNF-α, IL-12 e IL-10, respectivamente; posteriormente se realizó el estudio en ovejas inmunizadas frente a Chlamydophyla abortus, permitiendo la detección de la expresión de ARNm de las seis citoquinas. Estos resultados demuestran que es una técnica rápida, sensible y fiable para la detección de citoquinas.Cytokines are protein molecules that cells from the immune system secrete in response to immune stimulation. There are different techniques to study their production and their action on individuals. This study consists of the development of a real time RT-PCR method for the detection of the expression of mRNA coding for six cytokines (TNF-α, IFNγ, IL-4, IL2, IL-10, IL-12). The preliminary results were obtained from the study of lymphocites stimulated with Con A and LPS, showing the detection of ARNm, IL-4, IL-2, IFNγ and TNF-α, IL-12, IL-10, respectively. Its subsequent application in sheep that were vaccinated against Chlamydophila abortus, allowed the detection of mRNA expression for the six cytokines. These results show that it is a swift, sensitive and reliable technique to detect mRNA of cytokines

Intramuscular vs. Intradermic Needle-Free Vaccination in Piglets: Relevance for Animal Welfare Based on an Aversion Learning Test and Vocalizations

The aim of the present study was to compare intramuscular injection with a needle and intradermic needle-free vaccinations against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in piglets at 28 days old by studying behavioral and physiological reactions. A total of 72 piglets divided into 2 sex-balanced batches were assessed. Within each batch, the piglets were divided into three treatments, which were Hipradermic (0.2 ml of UNISTRAIN® PRRS vaccine administered with an intradermic needle-free device), Intramuscular (IM, 2.0 ml of vaccine), and Control (not vaccinated). Before the vaccination, the piglets were trained to cross a 4-m-long raceway to perform an aversion learning test. The day of vaccination, the time taken to cross the raceway was registered for each piglet at different times: prior to the vaccination and 10 min, 2, 24, 48, and 72 h after the vaccination, to measure variations in these times as signs of aversion to the vaccination process. Vocalizations, as potential signs of pain, were recorded as well at the end of this raceway to analyze their frequency (Hz), duration, and level of pressure (dB) at the moment of vaccination. Salivary cortisol, as a sign of the HPA-axis activity, was assessed 10 min after the vaccination. In addition, activity budgets, local reaction to the vaccine, and serological titer were also considered in the study. Ten minutes after the vaccination, the IM piglets took longer (p < 0.001) to cross the raceway than did the Hipradermic and Control piglets. Vocalizations were significantly different between the three treatments: the Control piglets produced vocalizations with the lowest frequency (p < 0.001) and level of pressure (p < 0.001), and IM with the highest, with Hipradermic in a significant intermediate position (p < 0.001). Accordingly, the day of the vaccination, IM and Hipradermic animals were lying on the side of the vaccine administration a greater proportion of time than were the Control piglets (10, 11, and 6%, respectively; p = 0.027). Salivary cortisol was not significantly different between treatments. The serum titer of antibodies against the PRRS was higher (p < 0.001) in both vaccinated treatments in comparison to the Control piglets. It is concluded that the Hipradermic needle-free vaccination may result in a less aversive experience in piglets than did intramuscular vaccination.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The role of wildlife in bluetongue virus maintenance in Europe: Lessons learned after the natural infection in Spain

Bluetongue (BT) is a re-emergent vector-borne viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), a member of the genus Orbivirus. A complex multi-host, multi-vector and multi-pathogen (26 serotypes) transmission and maintenance network has recently emerged in Europe, and wild ruminants are regarded as an important node in this network. This review analyses the reservoir role of wild ruminants in Europe, identifying gaps in knowledge and proposing actions. Wild ruminant species are indicators of BTV circulation. Excepting the mouflon (Ovis aries musimon), European wild ungulates do not develop clinical disease. Diagnostic techniques used in wildlife do not differ from those used in domestic ruminants provided they are validated. Demographic, behavioural and physiological traits of wild hosts modulate their relationship with BTV vectors and with the virus itself. While BTV has been eradicated from central and northern Europe, it is still circulating in the Mediterranean Basin. We propose that currently two BTV cycles coexist in certain regions of the Mediterranean Basin, a wild one largely driven by deer of the subfamily Cervinae and a domestic one. These are probably linked through shared Culicoides vectors of several species. We suggest that wildlife might be contributing to this situation through vector maintenance and virus maintenance. Additionally, differences in temperature and other environmental factors add complexity to the Mediterranean habitats as compared to central and northern European ones. Intervention options in wildlife populations are limited. There is a need to know the role of wildlife in maintaining Culicoides populations, and to know which Culicoides species mediate the wildlife-livestock-BTV transmission events. There is also a clear need to study more in depth the links between Cervinae deer densities, environmental factors and BTV maintenance. Regarding disease control, we suggest that research efforts should be focused on wildlife population and wildlife disease monitoring.The authors would like to thank the European Commission for funding research (FP7 Orbivac EU project (FP7-KBBE-2009-3) and EU FP7 EMIDA ERA-NET grant APHAEA on wildlife disease surveillance in Europe). A. Sánchez-Matamoros holds a scholarship from the PICATA Programme (CEI Campus Moncloa). F. Ruiz-Fons acknowledges funding from the Spanish Ministry for the Economy and Competitiveness through a ‘Juan de la Cierva’ postdoctoral contract.Peer Reviewe

Safety and long-lasting immunity of the combined administration of a modified-live virus vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 and an inactivated vaccine against porcine parvovirus and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in breeding pigs

Abstract Background In the field, vaccination schedules based on modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines administered twice in gilts and every three to four months in sows are commonly used to immunize breeding herds against porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV). Breeding sows are repeatedly vaccinated against several other agents. Thus, the combined administration of vaccines for their simultaneous use can simplify such complex immunization schedules. Here, we evaluated the safety and long-term immunity of the authorized combined administration of a PRRSV MLV vaccine and an inactivated vaccine against porcine parvovirus (PPV) and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae for their simultaneous use. Six-month-old naïve healthy gilts were vaccinated at day 0 and revaccinated at days 21 and 147, mimicking the abovementioned vaccination schedule. Systemic and local reactions, as well as body temperature, were measured. The excretion of PRRSV1 MLV was evaluated in oral fluids. Humoral responses against the three antigens were measured by ELISA. For PRRSV, homologous neutralizing antibodies (NAs) and homologous and heterologous cell-mediated immunity (CMI) were also assessed. Results The combined administration of the tested vaccines, applied according to the manufacturer’s instructions, was safe based on all evaluated parameters. Overall, we detected antibodies against PPV and PRRSV in all vaccinated pigs already after the first vaccination, whereas antibodies against E. rhusiopathiae were observed in all animals after revaccination. After subsequent revaccinations, we observed boosts for the humoral response for PPV at days 28 and 154 and at day 154 for E. rhusiopathiae. No boosts were detected during the experiment by PRRSV ELISA. In all vaccinated animals, homologous NAs against MLV were already detected before revaccination (day 21). After revaccination, there was a boost with mean titres of homologous NAs remaining constant thereafter. Concerning CMI, PRRSV-specific IFN-γ-secreting cells were already detected at day 21 for all evaluated strains and we observed boosts for all PRRSV1 strains after revaccination and recall revaccination. Conclusions We showed that the combined administration of tested vaccines described here using a vaccination schedule against PRRSV commonly implemented for breeding pigs in the field is safe and induces long-lasting humoral and cellular immunity against PRRSV, PPV, and E. rhusiopathiae