Generalized probabilities in statistical theories

In this review article we present different formal frameworks for the description of generalized probabilities in statistical theories. We discuss the particular cases of probabilities appearing in classical and quantum mechanics, possible generalizations of the approaches of A. N. Kolmogorov and R. T. Cox to non-commutative models, and the approach to generalized probabilities based on convex sets

Estudio del sedimento polínico de las mieles de la reserva biológica de Doñana (Huelva) España

Se ha realizado el anál isis pol ínico cuan ti tati vo y c uali tativo de seis muestras de mi eles procedentes de la Reserva Biológica de Doñana (Huel va ) . Resultaron ser naturales , no contaminadas y con una r iqueza pol ínica media. Las seis muestras son múl tiflorales . La presencia de pólenes de Myriophyllum al terniflorum DC . , Lythrum salicaria L. y Typha s p., caracterizan dichas mielesHoney s ampl es from six different locali ti es of t he Doñana Biological Reserve (Hue l va ) , ha ve been analysed by quali tative and quanti tative palynological methods. All samp l es preved to be na t ural and uncontaminated , wi th a medium rich pollen canten t . All s ix samples are mul ti f l oral honey . The · fol l owing taxa are characteri stic of the honey samples Myriophyllum al terniflorum OC. , Lythrum s alicaria L. and Typha s

Geología del valle del río Piedra en Llumes (Zaragoza)

Se publica una zona reducida del mapa geológico perteneciente al curso medio del río Piedra en vías de estudio. El área cartografiada está compuesta por terrenos comprendidos entre el Keuper y el Cretácico superior, aparte de los mantos y tobas cuaternarios. Los niveles cenomanenses están bien datados por su fauna, atribuyéndose sus infrapuestos por litologías bastante inequívocas. Existe una laguna estratigráfica entre el Infralías y el Albense que afecta a un área extensa de la que se exceptúa el Jurásico de Cimballa (fuera ya de los predios considerados). Se presenta una relación de fósiles liásicos de dicha localidad

Authoritarianism versus participation in innovation decisions

Why do innovation projects fail? The most common answers are (A) the implementation differs from what was planned; (B) despite positive expected payoffs, there is an ex-ante positive probability that payoff can be negative (risk). As a third option, we consider the fallibility of individuals who evaluate innovation projects using their limited information-processing capabilities (bounded rationality). Furthermore, we compare the overall organizational performance of two decision mechanisms. First, an informal Collective Decision as an unanimity participative mechanism to decide on technological innovation adoption and, second, a centralized Authority decision. Authority-based decision-making results in higher commission errors (acceptance of projects that an unbounded rational decision-maker would reject) and lower omission errors (rejection of projects that an unbounded rational decision-maker would accept) than Collective Decision. In a dynamic technological adoption process where a sequence of randomly generated innovation projects is evaluated using the two mechanisms, the simulations show that, in the short-term, omission errors dominate and Authority is preferred to Collective Decision; however, in the mid and long terms, commission errors dominate and Collective Decision is preferred to Authority, especially if Collective Decision does not incorporate social influence. With Collective Decision, the ratio of projects that fail is lower, more innovation projects are rejected, and fewer innovation projects are accepted, which can be interpreted as resistance to innovation

The role of the organization structure in the diffusion of innovations

Diffusion and adoption of innovations is a topic of increasing interest in economics, market research, and sociology. In this paper we investigate, through an agent based model, the dynamics of adoption of innovative proposals in different kinds of structures. We show that community structure plays an important role on the innovation diffusion, so that proposals are more likely to be accepted in homogeneous organizations. In addition, we show that the learning process of innovative technologies enhances their diffusion, thus resulting in an important ingredient when heterogeneous networks are considered. We also show that social pressure blocks the adoption process whatever the structure of the organization. These results may help to understand how different factors influence the diffusion and acceptance of innovative proposals in different communities and organizations

Electromagnetic surface states in structured perfect-conductor surfaces

Surface-bound modes in metamaterials forged by drilling periodic hole arrays in perfect-conductor surfaces are investigated by means of both analytical techniques and rigorous numerical solution of Maxwell's equations. It is shown that these metamaterials cannot be described in general by local, frequency-dependent permittivities and permeabilities for small periods compared to the wavelength, except in certain limiting cases that are discussed in detail. New related metamaterials are shown to exhibit exciting optical properties that are elucidated in the light of our simple analytical approach.Comment: 5 figure

Relationship between rules and technical and tactical contents in minibasket

Las reglas condicionan el desarrollo del juego en cualquier deporte ya que delimita lo que se puede hacer. Se pretende conocer el orden de importancia de las reglas en minibasket, así como los medios técnico-tácticos que se derivan éstas. El método utilizado para la toma de datos ha sido el grupo nominal. Los participantes han sido siete expertos que cumplían unas condiciones mínimas. Con relación a la primera pregunta, el orden de importancia de las reglas ha sido: los pasos, dobles, líneas delimitadoras, faltas, árbitro, reglas de tiempo y puntuación. Con relación a los medios técnico-tácticos que se derivan de las reglas más importantes, a modo de ejemplo, a través de los pasos se aprende el bote, las arrancadas, las paradas, entradas, etc. Estos datos permiten organizar una programación basada en las reglasThe rules determine the development of the game in every sport because they put a limit to what you can do and what not. The aims of the research were to determine the order of importance of the basic basketball rules as well as the technical and tactical contents deriving from these rules. The method used for the data collection was that of the nominal group technique. The nominal group consisted of seven experts who fulfilled the minimum conditions. Regarding the first question, the order of importance of the rules was: steps, double dribble, lines, fouls, referee, rules regarding time limits and score. With regard to the technical and tactical contents deriving from the most important rules, for example, through the steps’ rules, players can learn starts, stops, lay-up, etc. These data allow organizing a program based on the rule