Adaptive Evolution of piRNA pathway in Drosophila

Major fraction of eukaryotic genomes is composed of transposons. Mobilization of these transposons leads to mutations and genomic instability. In animals, these selfish genetic elements are regulated by a class of small RNAs called PIWI interacting RNAs (piRNAs). Thus host piRNA pathway acts as a defense against pathogenic transposons. Many piRNA pathway genes are rapidly evolving indicating that they are involved in a host-pathogen arms race. In my thesis, I investigated the nature of this arms race by checking functional consequences of the sequence diversity in piRNA pathway genes. In order to study the functional consequences of the divergence in piRNA pathway genes, we swapped piRNA pathway genes between two sibling Drosophila species, Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans. We focused on RDC complex, composed of Rhino, Deadlock and Cutoff, which specifies piRNA clusters and regulates transcription from clusters. None of the D. simulans RDC complex proteins function in D. melanogaster. Rhino and Deadlock interact and colocalize in D. simulans and D. melanogaster, but D. simulans Rhino does not bind D. melanogaster Deadlock, due to substitutions in the rapidly evolving Shadow domain. Cutoff from D. simulans stably binds and traps D. melanogaster Deadlock. Adaptive evolution has thus generated cross-species incompatibilities in the piRNA pathway which may contribute in reproductive isolation

ABHYANGA IN NEW BORN BABY AND NEONATAL MASSAGE - A REVIEW

Neonatal period is very crucial phase of life. One has to provide systematic, luxurious and sophisticated neonatal care. Ayurveda mentioned very scientific approach toward newborn care as Jatamatra Paricharya; means a protocol. Abhyanga is one of these care protocols. Neonatal massage with lubricant is in practice around the world and resembles with Ayurveda Abhyanga process. In vitally stable neonates Abhyanga can be done with particular precaution considering the indications and contraindications. Abhyanga and massage are not totally identical. Abhyanga increases the strength, nourishes body, improves skin texture and accelerates the healthy growth and development of newborn. Increased weight gain, reduced pain, enhanced attentiveness, reduced depression and enhanced immune function (increased natural killer cells and natural killer cell activity) are some advantages of newborn massage. During Abhyanga prevent harmful and painful practices and social taboos, like stretching of limbs, pulling of ear and nasal cartilages etc should not be practiced. Oil which is suitable for baby according to local conditions should be use. Bala Taila is one of the best oil among the all oil preparations in Ayurveda. Hence though Abhyanga is consider as complimentary and traditional ancient practice, it is very useful for the healthy newborn and contribution to modern health society. The present article is a systematic review of the neonatal massage across the world to establish the role of Ayurveda newborn care protocols having potential to contribute neonatal health, as key message to modern health world

AN INSIGHT INTO CHARAKA SAMHITA SHARIRA STHANA- IN LIGHT OF TODAY’S MEDICAL PRACTICES AND NATIONAL POLICIES

Background: The subjects which are now a day brought in to light as scientific innovations are well described in background in the ancient Indian literature. Ayurveda, the indigenous system of medicine narrates about the genetic principles, embryology, antenatal care, post-partum care, and new born care in a systematic and stepwise manner in the eight chapters of Charaka Samhita Sharira Sthana. Aim and Objectives: To throw a light on the some hidden facts from Charaka Samhita revealing their resemblance with today’s national medical practices and policies. Material and methods: Literature reviewed from different editions of Charaka Samhita, modern scientific literature on subjects like genetics, embryology, obstetrics and paediatrics have been reviewed. Discussion: Charaka Samhita Sharira Sthana is constructed in a very logical manner, which narrates the law of formation of universe and human life, microscopic to macroscopic transformation, consciousness, salvation, importance of non-consanguineous marriage and Beeja Shuddhi to prevent genetic diseases and syndromes, principles of genetics, formation and month wise growth and development of embryo, organogenesis, teratogenicity potentials, anatomy of foetus and nutrition of foetus, daily regime for pregnant lady Garbhini Paricharya (antenatal care), Prasoota and Sutika Paricharya (post-partum care), Jatamatra Paricharya (new born care) in detailed, scientific and step wise manner in eight chapters thoroughly; and found to be time tested with today’s medical practices and national health policies. Conclusion: Charaka Samhita Sharira Sthana elaborates the principles of genetics, embryology, reproductive care, antenatal care, post natal care and new born care as practised in ancient India in scientific way which resembles today’s RMNCH national program of Government of India

INTELLIGENT VEHICLE PARKING SYSTEM WITH WARNING CONTROL

This paper is about a system for assisting a car driver while parking in reverse direction. This system is used in vehicles, and continuously detects the obstacle so as to avoid accidental situation while reversing the vehicle. It makes easy for a driver to park the car in reverse direction. Driver gets immediate warning on LCD display about the obstacle. This system also gives warning to the pedestrians using buzzer while reversing the car. It not only gives warning but also apply automatic brakes when distance between an obstacle and car is below some threshold value. This is a microcontroller based system which is useful in automobiles as an intelligent vehicle assistant for safe driving. Most of the car drivers used the reverse radar or reverse camera to detect the road situation behind the vehicle when it is engaged in reverse gear. As a matter of fact, the pedestrians can virtually know if the vehicle is backing up or not only by seeing the permanent bright reverse lamps. And as there is not much change with the reverse lamp to be seen, therefore their warning function for pedestrians seems to be still insufficient eventually. Not only the warning feature of the reverse lamps is virtually not sufficient but their function will be influenced owing tothe different installation positions. Hence we propose the new technology to overcome this issue

Study of drug prescription pattern in diarrhoea patients admitted to paediatric ward in a government tertiary care hospital in Maharashtra, India

Background: World Health Organization (WHO) has defined diarrhoea as, ‘the passage of loose stools by an individual, at least thrice a day or more frequently than normal’. It is most commonly caused by intestinal infection, mainly viral. Every year there are about 2 billion cases of diarrhoea worldwide, a second leading cause of mortality in children below the age of 5 years. WHO estimated that antibiotic treatment was necessary in only one in twenty cases of childhood diarrhoea. Yet huge resources are currently spent on anti-diarrhoeal drugs annually, most rendered useless or harmful. This study was proposed to evaluate the utilization pattern of drugs prescribed for diarrhoea in children, in a government tertiary care hospital in Maharashtra.Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was carried out in the paediatric ward of government tertiary care hospital, Maharashtra. All patients of age less than twelve years with diarrhoea admitted to paediatric ward within the study period of January 2015 - June 2016 were included in the study. Patients older than twelve years or admitted with other gastrointestinal diseases or co-mordbid conditions were excluded. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics.Results: Majority of the patients admitted were males and more than half the patient population were in the age group of less than or equal to 3 years. Polypharmacy was found to be present in the prescribing pattern, with average, more than 4 drugs prescribed for diarrhoea treatment, in each prescription. Majority drugs were prescribed using brand names and parenteral route. Use of antibiotics was also found to be inappropriate in majority of the cases.Conclusions: The study highlighted the importance of drug utilisation studies and pointed out inappropriate drug prescribing trends for diarrhoea cases in a tertiary care hospital in Maharashtra

Rapid evolution and conserved function of the piRNA pathway

Transposons are major genome constituents that can mobilize and trigger mutations, DNA breaks and chromosome rearrangements. Transposon silencing is particularly important in the germline, which is dedicated to transmission of the inherited genome. Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) guide a host defence system that transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally silences transposons during germline development. While germline control of transposons by the piRNA pathway is conserved, many piRNA pathway genes are evolving rapidly under positive selection, and the piRNA biogenesis machinery shows remarkable phylogenetic diversity. Conservation of core function combined with rapid gene evolution is characteristic of a host-pathogen arms race, suggesting that transposons and the piRNA pathway are engaged in an evolutionary tug of war that is driving divergence of the biogenesis machinery. Recent studies suggest that this process may produce biochemical incompatibilities that contribute to reproductive isolation and species divergence

Comparative Study on Structural Parameter of R.C.C and Composite Building

Steel-concrete composite construction has gained wide acceptance world wide as an alternative to pure steel and pure concrete construction. However, this approach is a relatively new concept for the construction industry. Steel-concrete composite elements are used extensively in modern buildings. Extensive research on composite column, composite beam and deck slab in which structural steel section are encased in concrete have been carried out. However, for medium to high-rise buildings R.C.C structure is no longer economic because of increased dead load, less stiffness, span restriction and hazardous formwork. The results of this work show that the Composite structures are the best solution for high rise structure as compared to R.C.C structure. Keywords: Seismic response; composite beam/column; ETAB 13 Software; equivalent static analysis; dynamic analysis; composite floor; shear connector; natural perio

Gastric Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma: A Case Report of a Rare Entity

Follicular Dendritic cell sarcoma arises from the follicular dendritic cells present in the lymphnode.Though are commonly seen in head and neck area but are extremely rare in the abdomen. Less than eighty cases are reported in the indexed literature. We herein describe a case of follicular dendritic cell sarcoma arising from the stomach wall with infiltration into pancreas in an 85 year old patient

A REVIEW: FILM FORMING GEL NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Film forming gels are a novel approach in this area that might present an alternative to the conventional dosage forms used on the skin, such as ointments, creams, gels or patches. The polymeric solution is applied to the skin as a liquid and forms an almost invisible film in situ by solvent evaporation. Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) and dermal drug delivery system can provide some desirable performances over conventional pharmaceutical dosage formulations, such as avoiding gut and hepatic first-pass metabolism, improving drug bioavailability, reducing dose frequency and stabilizing drug delivery profiles. The aim of this review was to search for alternatives to the conventional forms in order to reduce skin irritation, improve skin adhesion properties, enhance the drug release and increase the patient acceptability from an aesthetic perspective. Because of their peculiar rheological behaviour, polymeric gels are beneficial in terms of ease of preparation, ease of application, adhesion to the application surface and ability to deliver a wide variety of drugs