Considerations in development of expert systems for real-time space applications

Over the years, demand on space systems has increased tremendously and this trend will continue for the near future. Enhanced capabilities of space systems, however, can only be met with increased complexity and sophistication of onboard and ground systems. Artificial Intelligence and expert system techniques have great potential in space applications. Expert systems could facilitate autonomous decision making, improve in-orbit fault diagnosis and repair, enhance performance and reduce reliance on ground support. However, real-time expert systems, unlike conventional off-line consultative systems, have to satisfy certain special stringent requirements before they could be used for onboard space applications. Challenging and interesting new environments are faced while developing expert system space applications. This paper discusses the special characteristics, requirements and typical life cycle issues for onboard expert systems. Further, it also describes considerations in design, development, and implementation which are particularly important to real-time expert systems for space applications

Considerations in development of expert systems for real-time space applications

Over the years demand on space systems have been increased tremendously and this trend will continue for the near future. The enhanced capabilities of space systems, however, can only be met with increased complexity and sophistication of onboard and ground systems, and artificial intelligence and expert system concepts have a significant role in space applications. Expert systems could facilitate decision making, improved fault diagnosis and repair, enhanced performance and less reliance on ground support. However, some requirements have to be fulfilled before practical use of flight-worthy expert systems for onboard (and ground) operations. This paper discusses some of the characteristics and important considerations in design, development, implementation and use of expert systems for real-life space applications. Further, it describes a typical life cycle of expert system development and its usage

A Robust Tool for Monitoring and Synchronizing Smart Grid through Adaptive Comb Filter

The power system signals are often polluted with harmonics and noise as a result of nonlinear load. This non stationary signal has to be monitored carefuly before it propagates as a grid problem.This article describes the design of adaptive comb filter, extraction of amplitude, frequency and phase with respect to time for monitoring purpose and extraction of harmonic components for suppressing the contamination present in the signal for synchronization with smart grid. The adaptive comb filter algorithm is a synchronizing tool implemented in Matlab/Simulink environment.The response of the filter is compared with enhanced phased locked loop to describe the characteristics of adaptive comb filter.The algorithm tracks the transient (dynamic) and steady state behaviour of the signal effectively, efficiently and accurately

HPTLC fingerprint profile of methanol extract of the marine red alga Portieria hornemannii (Lyngbye) (Silva)

The present study was aimed to develop the high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprint profile of methanol extracts of marine red alga Portieria hornemannii (Lyngbye) (Silva). A HPTLC method for the separation of the active constituents in extracts has been developed and TLC of these extracts on silica gel pre-coated aluminum plates of Merck by the automatic TLC applicator and using the solvent system n-hexane:ethyl acetate (60:40 v/v) was performed. HPTLC profiling of the extract confirm about the presence of various phytochemicals. HPTLC finger print scanned at 490 nm for methanol and ethyl acetate algal extracts revealed 13 peaks with Rf values in the range of 0.16 to 0.99 respectively. The HPTLC method for routine quality control of present species can be carried out using this method for extracts of plant and serve in qualitative, quantitative and was appropriate for standardization of the extract

Catalyst Systems Derived from Transition Metal Acetylacetonates for the Hydrogenation of Aromatics

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PHYTOCHEMICAL, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF ANDROGRAPHIS SERPYLLIFOLIA METHANOL LEAF EXTRACT AND ITS ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES

Objective: The present study is to evaluate the preliminary study of phytochemical screening and biological applications of Andrographis serpyllifolia methanol leaf extracts. Methods: The methanol leaf extracts of A. serpyllifolia was prepared using Soxhlet apparatus and the extract was analyzed using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In vitro antioxidant activity was determined by superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase. Further, the antibacterial activity of methanolic leaf extract of A. serpyllifolia was tested against various human pathogens by using agar disc diffusion method. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening and GC-MS results revealed phenols, aromatic carboxylic acids, and esters in the chloroform extract to be the molecules responsible for the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of A. serpyllifolia methanol extract and fractions showed the presence of various secondary metabolites present. Conclusion: The present study strongly recommended that the methanolic extract of A. serpyllifolia leaves possesses compounds that inhibit the growth of microbes as wells excellent antioxidant activities. The study further suggested the potential therapeutic use of these extract in cancer study

Evaluation of antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of red algae Chondrococcus hornemannii and Spyridia fusiformis

The antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of the red seaweed, Chondrococcus hornemannii and Spyridia fusiformis was analyzed through two different radicals such as nitricoxide and hydroxyl radicals. The extract from S. fusiformis had the highest antioxidant potential, which was also found to be equivalent to the antioxidant activities of some commercial antioxidants (BHT and L-ascorbic acid). The antioxidant assay was performed at the concentration ranging from 100 500 L. The present study confirms that C. hornemannii and S.fusiformis received special attention and used as a source of natural antioxidant

Phytochemical analysis of red alga Champia parvula (C. Agardh) collected from Mandapam coast of Tamil Nadu, India

The marine red alga Champia parvula showed the phytochemical constituents like sterols, glycosides, anthroquinones, phenols, alkaloids, triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids. Flavonoid compounds have rutin, quercetin, kamferol and phenol compounds have gallic acid and cinnamic acid. Similarly, the fatty acids have palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, alpha linolenic acid, moroctic acid were also present. Among the phytochemical contents the triterpenoids and glycosides are present in high. Among the seven fatty acid, stearic acid (6.03 0.012%) and moroctic acid (5.58 0.004%) were identified. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the phytochemical constituents of the marine red alga Champia parvula

(1,2) - Domination in the Total Graphs of Cn , Pn and K1,n

In this paper, we discuss the (1,2) - domination in the total graphs of Cn ,  Pnand K1,n &nbsp