Application possibilities of geo plastics in creating a comfortable urban environment (on the example of Kazan)

Within the framework of this article, the authors, using the example of Kazan, considered the features of the manifestation of GEO plastics as a promising direction in the field of creating a comfortable urban environment. The concept and methods of GEOplast formation are identified in conjunction with the landscape components of the urban area. The authors proposed and reviewed the criteria for distinguishing GEO plastics according to the form of creation (horizontal, vertical) and seasonal characteristics (winter, summer), for the first time identified types of GEO plastics: natural-natural, natural-anthropogenic and cultural-artistic. The basis of the natural-natural type of GEO plastics is made up of objects of the protected zone and green areas, designed to perform environmental, recreational, aesthetic and artistic functions. The natural-anthropogenic type is differentiated by the authors into aquatic and relief geo-plastics, the basis of which form the unevenness of the relief of natural objects, as well as the introduction of elements of an artificial surface character into the natural environment. Finally, the cultural and artistic type of GEO plastics is based on the introduction into the natural environment of artificially created natural and artificial components and has as its goal the artistic education of citizens and the creation of the cultural appearance of the city. The authors found out that the largest number of them was located in the old central part of the city, on the left bank of the r. Kazanka, due to the history of the city, the accumulation of many tourist facilities here, the presence of historical symbols of the city. The work on the example of specific objects of Kazan showed the areas of application of GEO plastics, specifically for recultivation, solving engineering problems, improving the ecological situation, etc. As well as the authors gave some recommendations on creating a comfortable environment in urban landscapes using GEO plastics techniques

Application of GIS technologies to display of archaeological heritage in the Republic of Tatarstan

The article describes the experience of developing GIS technologies of the archaeological heritage in the Republic of Tatarstan for further detailed study, conservation, keeping and systematization. Considered tools, sources of information, structure GIS and final products. The composition of the archaeological heritage includes burial and burial ground, settlement, settlements management, settlements, settlement, stone pillars, tombstones, places of old settlements, sanctuaries etc. To resolve this problem was created a GIS database that serves as the basis of archaeological GIS in the Republic of Tatarstan. A geodatabase was created on the platform ArcGIS. It includes a description of the monuments of archaeology, which contains geographic (spatial) and attributive (descriptive) information.  The main criterion for determining the scale of mapping of the territory is the spatial placing of objects of archaeological heritage

The possibility of using space and GIS technologies to create a map of the general plan of the city of Volzhsk

© 2016, International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. All rights reserved.The projects of territorial planning, the most important of which is the general plan, are worked out with the aim of forming a long-term strategy for urban development, ensuring sustainable socio-economic, spatial and infrastructural development of the urban environment. Architectural documentation of general planning level is created for significant areas of the territory, which implies the use for this purpose of data of earth remote sensing with subsequent data presentation stage with the help of geographic information systems (GIS). A map of the general plan of the urban district of “The City of Volzhsk” in the Republic of Mari El has been presented in the proposed paper using satellite pictures and GIS Map Info Professional 10.0. The resulting map of the general plan of urban district is formed of 35 thematic layers, reflecting the current functional layout of the territory. In particular, on the map of the general plan there is a mapping of the current and future borders of the urban district, the elements of ecological framework and apartment block, the necessary planning objects, primarily the areas of municipal service, public and residential, public and business, the establishments of health service and social protection, industrial organizations. The main link of any map is the road network of the territory, which, in addition to the already mapped objects, is also presented on the map of the general plan of the urban district “The City of Volzhsk”

Fluid inclusions in minerals and zonation of scapolite metasoms (Eastern Pamir).

In the article the questions of Geochemistry and Mineralogy scapolite Deposit of the East Pamirs. Scapolite mineralization is localized in metasomatity Alpine veins. Scapolite occurs in three generations. Early metamorphic scapolite. Milky-white coarse-grained scapolite. Jewelry clear crystals of scapolite from a later generation. Scapolite different generations differ on a number of indicators. The temperature and pressure of mineral formation, the concentration of the solutions and their composition scapolite different

The role of meteorological factor in long-term variability of the river streamflow of the territory of north of the Russian (East European) plain

© 2014, Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research. All rights reserved. As is well-known, the river stream-flow as the main source of water resources, is formed and changed under the influence of climate conditions and physiographic characteristics of watershed basins. Snow storage, liquid precipitation in the period of snow-melt flood, degree of moisture of the area, etc. are the main hydro-climatic factors determining the amount of the annual river flow. On the territory under consideration, in this case the region of the North of the Russian Plain is selected as which, flow fluctuations are well-defined as a result of changes in space and time of the main forming it factors and, mainly, the meteorological factor. In this regard, the main objective of the work is to find the connection between rainfall and river flow, as well as to identify patterns of spatial and temporal changes of river flow and precipitation. During the study, the authors identified the dependencies between precipitation and the layer of the run-off in hydrological seasons. In particular, the closest connection was established between precipitation and the flow of summer-autumn period, where the correlation coefficient (r) for posts of Soyana - Soyana, Mudyug - Patrakeevskaya is r = 0,7 – 0,8, reaching r = 0,9 (Codina - Codino). Comparison of precipitation of the winter-spring period and the spring run-off did not reveal very close connection, except the site location of Sysola - Pervomajskij (the basin of the Northern Dvina), where r = 0,86. It is determined that during a year there are two maxima and two minima in the distribution of precipitation, while in the overland runoff they do not fully coincide with precipitation in time. Synchronous increase of share of precipitation and runoff was observed from May to July and in October, except August (precipitation) and April (run-off), where these periods did not coincide

Elastic properties of fullerites and diamond-like phases

Diamond‐like structures, that include sp2 and sp3 hybridized carbon atoms, are of considerable interest nowadays. In the present work, various carbon auxetic structures are studied by the combination of molecular dynamics (MD) and analytical approach. Two fullerites based on the fullerene C60 and fullerene‐like molecule C48 are investigated as well as diamond‐like structures based on other fullerene‐like molecules (called fulleranes), carbon nanotubes (called tubulanes) and graphene sheets. MD is used to find the equilibrium states of the structures and calculate compliance and stiffness coefficients for stable configurations. Analytical methods are used to calculate the engineering elastic coefficients (Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, shear modulus and bulk modulus), and to study their transformation under rotation of the coordinate system. All the considered structures are partial auxetics with the negative value of Poisson's ratio for properly chosen tensile directions. It is shown that some of these structures, in a particular tension direction, have a very high Young's modulus, that is, 1852 GPa for tubulane TA6

Chain Model for Carbon Nanotube Bundle under Plane Strain Conditions

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have record high tensile strength and Young’s modulus, which makes them ideal for making super strong yarns, ropes, fillers for composites, solid lubricants, etc. The mechanical properties of CNT bundles have been addressed in a number of experimental and theoretical studies. The development of efficient computational methods for solving this problem is an important step in the design of new CNT-based materials. In the present study, an atomistic chain model is proposed to analyze the mechanical response of CNT bundles under plane strain conditions. The model takes into account the tensile and bending rigidity of the CNT wall, as well as the van der Waals interactions between walls. Due to the discrete character of the model, it is able to describe large curvature of the CNT wall and the fracture of the walls at very high pressures, where both of these problems are difficult to address in frame of continuum mechanics models. As an example, equilibrium structures of CNT crystal under biaxial, strain controlled loading are obtained and their thermal stability is analyzed. The obtained results agree well with previously reported data. In addition, a new equilibrium structure with four SNTs in a translational cell is reported. The model offered here can be applied with great efficiency to the analysis of the mechanical properties of CNT bundles composed of single-walled or multi-walled CNTs under plane strain conditions due to considerable reduction in the number of degrees of freedom

EVOLUTION OF THE CARBON NANOTUBE BUNDLE STRUCTURE UNDER BIAXIAL AND SHEAR STRAINS

Close packed carbon nanotube bundles are materials with highly deformable elements, for which unusual deformation mechanisms are expected. Structural evolution of the zigzag carbon nanotube bundle subjected to biaxial lateral compression with the subsequent shear straining is studied under plane strain conditions using the chain model with a reduced number of degrees of freedom. Biaxial compression results in bending of carbon nanotubes walls and formation of the characteristic pattern, when nanotube cross-sections are inclined in the opposite directions alternatively in the parallel close-packed rows. Subsequent shearing up to a certain shear strain leads to an appearance of shear bands and vortex-like displacements. Stress components and potential energy as the functions of shear strain for different values of the biaxial volumetric strain are analyzed in detail. A new mechanism of carbon nanotube bundle shear deformation through cooperative, vortex-like displacements of nanotube cross sections is reported