The Impact of Industrial Revolution 4.0 and the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Corporate Marketing

Theoretical background: The transformation of marketing that has been taking place for the last 150 years involves the gradual change of its concept, strategy and operational activity models to meet the manifested challenges and the future development trends. The main factors that determine the evolutionary change in corporate marketing include the development of production technique and technology, organization and management processes, and the monetization of goods and services. Another factor includes changes in the environment of enterprises, primarily related to the processes of globalization and to the behaviour, tastes and preferences of consumers. Paradoxically, having affected almost the entire globalized world, the COVID-19 pandemic has become the catalyst for the processes of marketing transformation. The impact of these factors on marketing was the basis for distinguishing four stages in its development, i.e. Marketing 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0. This classification is parallel to the one related to industrial revolutions described as Industrial Revolution 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0.Purpose of the article: The identification of the main factors of the corporate marketing transformation and the assessment of their impact and effects on the changing ideas, tools and forms increasingly based on digitization and artificial intelligence.Research methods: the Author was motivated to undertake the research in question by the lack of systematic and comprehensive studies capturing the impact on marketing of the effects of industrial revolutions and the deriving changes in the corporate environment and the preferences and tastes of consumers, as well as the COVID-19 pandemic. The Author used the previous research findings included in various studies (periodical, thematic and online) and conducted their critical analysis and synthesis, and supplemented those with his own reflections. The result of the above was the formulation of a thesis about a close relationship between the development of the techniques and technology of manufacturing, changes in the macro environment of entities as well as the needs and tastes of consumers , and the COVID-19 pandemic and the evolution of marketing. Main conclusions: Over the last 150 years there have been revolutionary changes in the corporate marketing. The main drivers of change included four industrial revolutions, the transformation of the corporate environment as well as of consumer needs and preferences, and the COVID-19 pandemic. They resulted in the gradual development of marketing from the stage defined as Marketing 1.0 through 2.0, 3.0 to 4.0. This last stage is taking place today and is characterized by a plethora of innovative forms. It has been subject to further transformations together with the progress in the implementation of inventions related to the Industrial Revolution 4.0.Theoretical justification: The transformation of marketing that has been taking place for the last one hundred and fifty years involves the gradual change of its concept, strategy and operational activity models to meet the manifested challenges and the future development trends. The main factors that determine the evolutionary change in corporate marketing include the development of production technique and technology, organization and management processes, and the monetization of goods and services. Another factor includes changes in the environment of enterprises, primarily related to the processes of globalization and to the behaviour, tastes and preferences of consumers. Paradoxically, having affected almost the entire globalized world, the Covid-19 Pandemic has become the catalyst for the processes of marketing transformation. The impact of these factors on marketing was the basis for distinguishing four stages in its development, i.e. Marketing 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0. This classification is parallel to the one related to industrial revolutions described as Industrial Revolution 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0. Purpose of the article: The identification of the main factors of the corporate marketing transformation and the assessment of their impact and effects on the changing ideas, tools and forms increasingly based on digitization and artificial intelligence. Research methods: the Author was motivated to undertake the research in question by the lack of systematic and comprehensive studies capturing the impact on marketing of the effects of industrial revolutions and the deriving changes in the corporate environment and the preferences and tastes of consumers, as well as the COVID-19 pandemic. The Author used the previous research findings included in various studies (periodical, thematic and online) and conducted their critical analysis and synthesis, and supplemented those with his own reflections. The result of the above was the formulation of a thesis about a close relationship between the development of the techniques and technology of manufacturing, changes in the macro environment of entities as well as the needs and tastes of consumers , and the COVID-19 pandemic and the evolution of marketing. From the stage of focusing on product management, defined as marketing 1.0, it moved stage 2.0 based on the use of innovative information and communication technologies and focusing on consumers, and then to marketing 3.0 that took into account the cultural, social, spiritual and ecological aspects of consumer behaviour, and finally to marketing 4.0. The last stage of marketing utilises the base of the previous ones while focusing more intensely on building lasting ties with consumers, their participation in the creation of personalized products, multi-channel communication with them, strategy diversification and the greatest possible use of digital tools and artificial intelligence. Main conclusions: Over the last 150 years there have been revolutionary changes in the corporate marketing. The main drivers of change included four industrial revolutions, the transformation of the corporate environment as well as of consumer needs and preferences, and the COVID-19 pandemic. They resulted in the gradual development of marketing from the stage defined as Marketing 1.0 through 2.0, 3.0 to 4.0. This last stage is taking place today and is characterized by a plethora of innovative forms. It has been subject to further transformations together with the progress in the implementation of inventions related to the Industrial Revolution 4.0. Its increasing digitization results in the deepening of the relationship between producers achieving their income and consumers whose needs are better satisfied. Marketing 4.0 utilises the inventions of the Industrial Revolution 3.0 and 4.0 in order to obtain the best possible communication with consumers and at the same time seeks to achieve universal acceptance by adhering to ecological and social standards. Advances in digitization of marketing have been accelerated by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.                In technical and technological terms, the transformation of marketing means the gradual development of its digitization and the application of artificial intelligence. From the social perspective, however, it is a shift from focusing on the product to positioning the consumer, a community member sensitive to the dangers of globalization and having both physical and spiritual needs, in the centre of its attention

ROZPRASZANIE PRZEZ PUSTE PRZESTRZENIE KOŁOWE ZE SZTYWNĄ GRANICĄ: PROSTE I ODWROTNE ZAGADNIENIA DLA OBSZARÓW OTWARTYCH I ZAMKNIĘTYCH

Problems with the accuracy of calculations by the Boundary Element Method of acoustic and ultrasonic problems formulated in the frequency domain were presented in this paper. The inverse problem was formulated to identify the position and dimensions of the scattering object. A series of numerical experiments carried out with the help of the Boundary Elements Method proved the algorithm's robustness to noise and high precision in a wide frequency spectrum.W pracy przedstawiono problemy z dokładnością obliczeń Metodą Elementów Brzegowych zagadnień akustycznych i ultradźwiękowych sformułowanych w dziedzinie częstotliwości. Sformułowano zagadnienie odwrotne dla identyfikacji położenia i wymiarów obiektu rozpraszającego. Seria eksperymentów numerycznych przeprowadzonych z pomocą Metody Elementów Brzegowych udowodniła odporność algorytmu na szum oraz wysoką precyzję w szerokim spektrum częstotliwości

SYSTEM AKWIZYCJI DANYCH W ELEKTRYCZNEJ TOMOGRAFII IMPEDANCYJNEJ

This article presents the design of the device with active electrodes to examine the flood embankment. There was discussed the method of determining the conductivity. The presented solution was based on electrical impedance tomography. There was described the concept of active electrodes and measuring equipment for data acquisition. Electrical impedance tomography, which is based on measuring potential difference, can be used to calculate conductivity. The problem depends on the fact that every material has unique conductance.W tym artykule przedstawiono konstrukcję urządzenia z aktywnymi elektrodami do badania stanu wału przeciwpowodziowego. Omówiono metodę wyznaczania konduktywności. Prezentowane rozwiązanie zostało oparte na elektrycznej tomografii impedancyjnej. Opisano koncepcję aktywnych elektrod i sprzętu pomiarowego do akwizycji danych. Elektryczna tomografia impedancyjna, która jest oparta na pomiarze różnicy potencjałów może być użyta do pomiaru konduktywności. Sposób, w jaki może być zdefiniowany polega na tym, że każdy materiał ma unikalną przewodność

Processing, Microstructure and Dielectric Properties of the Bi5Ti3FeO15 Ceramic

The aim of the present work is the analysis of microstructure, dielectric permittivity and thermal properties analysis of Bi5Ti3FeO15 ceramics obtained by two methods. The studied Bi5Ti3FeO15 ceramics were prepared by conventional synthesis and hot uniaxial pressing reaction from the conventional mixture of oxides, viz. TiO2, Fe2O3, Bi2O3. The studied material has layered perovskite like structures, first described by Aurivillius in 1949 and Subbaro in 1969. The ceramic Bi5Ti3FeO15 is known to contain a series of compounds with the general formula: Bim+1Fem¡3Ti3O3m+3. The X-ray diffraction methods were used for qualitative phase analysis of studied samples. The morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy method. The thermal properties of the studied materials were measured using the differential thermal analysis at a constant heating rate of 15 K/min under an argon protective atmosphere. Thermal dependence of dielectric permittivity was studied between room temperature and 1137 K

WYKRYWANIE SZCZELIN POWIETRZNYCH W CHODNIKU KOPALNI MIEDZI ZA POMOCĄ ELEKTRYCZNEJ TOMOGRAFII IMPEDANCYJNEJ

In this paper, we investigate the inverse problem for the electric field so-called copper mine problem. In general, this task assumes detection of all air gaps. Gaps are localised above ceiling in a copper mine. Such task can be considered as application of the electrical impedance tomography. In order to solve forward problem there was used the boundary element method or the finite element method. The inverse problem is based on the level set method. There was considered extension of boundary element method (BEM). For simplicity zero order approximation has been chosen. The BEM has been connected with the infinite boundary elements. Hence, open domain problems with infinite boundary curves can be analysed. For such domain, we have solved the Dirichlet problem for two-dimensional Laplace’s equation. The proposed numerical model has been verified.W tym artykule przyjrzymy się problemowi odwrotnemu dla pola elektrycznego na tak zwanym problemie kopalni miedzi. Głównym zadaniem w tym zagadnieniu jest wykrycie szczelin powietrznych, które są zlokalizowane w stropie kopalni. Takie zadanie można rozwiązać za pomocą elektrycznej tomografii impedancyjnej. W celu rozwiązania zagadnienia prostego można użyć metody elementów brzegowych (MEB) lub metody elementów skończonych. Zagadnienie odwrotne zostało oparte na metodzie zbiorów poziomicowych. Dla uproszczenia zostały zastosowane elementy zerowego rzędu. Metoda elementów brzegowych została rozszerzona o elementy nieskończone. Stąd problemy otwarte domeny z nieskończonymi brzegami mogą być analizowane. Dla takiej domeny, musimy rozwiązać zagadnienie Dirichleta dla równania dwuwymiarowy Laplace'a. Zaproponowany model numeryczny został zweryfikowany

POŁĄCZENIE METODY ELEMENTÓW BRZEGOWYCH I ZBIORÓW POZIOMICOWYCH W ROZWIĄZYWANIU ZAGADNIENIA ODWROTNEGO

The boundary element method and the level set method can be used in order to solve the inverse problem for electric field. In this approach the adjoint equation arises in each iteration step. Results of the numerical calculations show that the boundary element method can be applied successfully to obtain approximate solution of the adjoint equation. The proposed solution algorithm is initialized by using topological sensitivity analysis. Shape derivatives and material derivatives have been incorporated with the level set method to investigate shape optimization problems. The shape derivative measures the sensitivity of boundary perturbations. The coupled algorithm is a relatively new procedure to overcome this problem. Experimental results have demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed approach to achieve the solution of the inverse problem.Metoda elementów brzegowych i metoda zbiorów poziomicowych mogą być wykorzystane to rozwiązania zagadnienia odwrotnego pola elektrycznego. W takim podejściu równanie sprzężone jest rozwiązywane w każdym kroku iteracyjnym. Wyniki obliczeń numerycznych pokazują, że metoda elementów brzegowych może być zastosowana z powodzeniem do uzyskania przybliżonego rozwiązania równania sprzężonego. Proponowany algorytm jest inicjalizowany za pomocą topologicznej analizy wrażliwościowej. Pochodna kształtu i pochodna materialna zostały połączone z metodą zbiorów poziomicowych w celu zbadania problemów optymalizacji kształtu. Pochodna kształtu mierzy wrażliwość perturbacji brzegowych. Zespolony algorytm jest stosunkowo nową procedurą do rozwiązania tego problemu. Wyniki doświadczenia pokazały skuteczność proponowanego podejścia w rozwiązywaniu zagadnienia odwrotnego

Effects of y irradiation on the electric conduction of PZT ceramic system

In the work, the results of investigations of the electric conduction of the PZT ceramics with the two following compositions: Pb0.94Sr0.06(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3 + 0.25% wt. Cr2O3 (hard material) and (Pb0.9Ba0.1)(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 + 1.67% wt. Nb2O5 (soft material), are presented. The “soft” ceramics are characterized by high electric values ("T33/"0 > 1300 (in room temperature), d31 = 120 · 10−12 C/N) and electromechanical coupling coefficient (kp > 0.5). Due to good parameters it is used in electromechanical transducers of low frequency. The “hard” PZT ceramics, which are used in resonators, filters and ultrasound transducers are characterized by the following parameters: "T 33/"0 > 900 (in room temperature), d31 = 65·10−12 C/N and electromechanical coupling coefficient kp > 0.35. The temperature dependences of the electric conduction for all samples before and after irradiation with dose of 20 kGy were performed. The activation energy Ea was calculated on the basis of the ln = f(1/T) dependences

SYSTEM PLANOWANIA I KONTROLI PRODUKCJI Z WYKORZYSTANIEM CZUJNIKÓW TOMOGRAFICZNYCH

The article presents an idea of a production process control system. Advanced automation and control of production processes play a key role in maintaining competitiveness. The proposed solution consists of sensor networks for measurement process parameters, production resources and equipment state. The system uses wired and wireless communication, which gives possibility to acquisition data from existing in enterprise sensors and systems as well as acquisition data from new systems and sensors used to measure all processes, starting from production preparation to the final product. The solution contains process tomography sensors based on electrical capacitance tomography, electrical impedance tomography and ultrasound tomography. The use of tomographic methods enables to manage the intelligent structure of the companies in terms of processes and products. Industrial tomography enables observation of physical and chemical phenomena without the need to penetrate inside. It will enable the optimization and auto-optimization of design processes and production. Such solutions can operate autonomously, monitor and control measurements. All sensors return to the system continuous data about state of processes in some technologically closed objects like fermenters. Process tomography can also be used to acquisition data about a flow of liquids and loose ingredients in pipeline based on transport systems. Data acquired from sensors are collected in data warehouses in order to future processing and building the knowledge base. The results of the data analysis are showed in user control panels and are used directly in the control of the production process to increase the efficiency and quality of the products. Control methods cover issues related to the processing of data obtained from various sensors located at nodes. Monitoring takes place within the scope of acquired and processed data and parameter automation.W artykule przedstawiono ideę systemu kontroli procesu produkcyjnego. Zaawansowana automatyzacja i kontrola procesów produkcyjnych odgrywają kluczową rolę w utrzymaniu konkurencyjności. Proponowane rozwiązanie składa się z sieci czujników do pomiaru parametrów procesu, zasobów produkcyjnych i stanu wyposażenia. System wykorzystuje komunikację przewodową i bezprzewodową, która umożliwia pozyskiwanie danych z istniejących w przedsiębiorstwach czujników i systemów, a także pozyskiwanie danych z nowych systemów i czujników używanych do pomiaru wszystkich procesów, począwszy od przygotowania produkcji do produktu końcowego. Rozwiązanie zawiera czujniki tomografii procesowej oparte na elektrycznej tomografii pojemnościowej, elektrycznej tomografii impedancyjnej i tomografii ultradźwiękowej. Zastosowanie metod tomograficznych umożliwia zarządzanie inteligentną strukturą firm pod względem procesów i produktów. Tomografia przemysłowa umożliwia obserwację zjawisk fizycznych i chemicznych bez potrzeby penetracji wewnątrz. Umożliwi to optymalizację i automatyczną procesów projektowych i produkcji. Takie rozwiązania mogą działać autonomicznie, monitorować i kontrolować pomiary. Wszystkie czujniki przekazują do systemu ciągłe dane o stanie procesów w niektórych technologicznie zamkniętych obiektach, takich jak fermentory. Tomografia procesowa może być również wykorzystywana do pozyskiwania danych o przepływie płynów i luźnych składników w rurociągu w oparciu o systemy transportowe. Dane uzyskane z czujników gromadzone są w hurtowniach danych w celu ich dalszego przetwarzania i budowania bazy wiedzy. Wyniki analizy danych są wyświetlane w panelach sterowania użytkownika i są wykorzystywane bezpośrednio w kontroli procesu produkcyjnego w celu zwiększenia wydajności i jakości produktów. Metody kontroli obejmują zagadnienia związane z przetwarzaniem danych uzyskanych z różnych czujników zlokalizowanych w węzłach. Monitorowanie odbywa się w ramach pozyskanej i przetwarzanej automatyzacji danych i parametrów

NOWA KONCEPCJA DYSKRETYZACJI MODELU CELEM PODNIESIENIA JAKOŚCI OBRAZOWANIA W TRANSMISYJNEJ TOMOGRAFII ULTRADŹWIĘKOWEJ

In this paper a new version of discretization model for Ultrasonic Transmission Tomography is presented. The algorithm has been extensively tested for synthetic noisy data on various configurations of internal objects. In order to improve the imaging quality, the pixels/voxels have been enlarged compared to the figures inscribed in pixels/voxels however no more than figures described on the standard square pixels or cubic voxels. The proposed algorithm provides better quality of imaging.W tym artykule zaproponowano nową wersję dyskretyzacji modelu dla Ultradźwiękowej Tomografii Transmisyjnej. Przedstawiony algorytm był wszechstronnie przetestowany dla danych syntetycznych zaszumionych dla różnych konfiguracji obiektów wewnętrznych. W celu poprawienia jakości obrazowania, piksele/woksele zostały powiększone w stosunku do figur wpisanych w piksele/woksele, jednak nie więcej niż figury opisane na standardowych kwadratowych pikselach lub sześciennych wokselach. Proponowany algorytm zapewnia lepszą jakość obrazowania

ELEKTRYCZNY TOMOGRAF REZYSTANCYJNY DO POMIARÓW ROZPROSZONYCH DLA WAŁÓW PRZECIWPOWODZIOWYCH

In this paper the terrain electrical resistance tomograph was presented. Its aim is to verify the repeatability of test results by eliminating laboratory equipment, and to validate the use of simple and cheap electronics to the structure of the ERT. Electrical resistance tomography, which is based on measuring potential difference, can be used to calculate conductivityW niniejszym artykule przedstawiono konstrukcję tomografu rezystancyjnego. Jego celem jest weryfikacja powtarzalności wyników badań poprzez wyeliminowanie sprzętu laboratoryjnego oraz potwierdzenie zastosowania prostej i taniej elektroniki do struktury ERT. Do obliczenia przewodnictwa można wykorzystać elektryczną tomografię rezystancyjną, która opiera się na pomiarze różnicy potencjałó