Positive shift in corrole redox potentials leveraged by modest β-CF3-substitution helps achieve efficient photocatalytic C-H bond functionalization by group 13 complexes

© 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry.Tris- A nd tetrakis-β-trifluoromethylated gallium (3CF3-Ga, 4CF3-Ga) and aluminum (3CF3-Al, 4CF3-Al) corrole systems were synthesized by a facile "one-pot" approach from the respective tri- A nd tetra-iodo starting compounds using the FSO2CF2CO2Me reagent. The isolated 5,10,15-(tris-pentafluorophenyl)corrole-based compounds set the groundwork for another important β-substituent study in inorganic photocatalysis. As seen previously,-CF3 group substitution leads to red shifts in both the absorption and emission spectra compared to their unsubstituted counterparts (X. Zhan, et al., Inorg. Chem., 2019, 58, 6184-6198). All CF3-substituted corrole complexes showed strong fluorescence; 3CF3-Al possessed the highest fluorescence quantum yield (0.71) among these compounds. The photocatalytic production of bromophenol by way of these photosensitizing complexes was studied demonstrating that tris-trifluoromethylation is an important substitution class, especially when Ga3+ is present (experimental TON value in parentheses): 3CF3-Ga (192) > 4CF3-Ga (146) > 3CF3-Al (130) > 4CF3-Al (56) > 1-Ga (43) > 1-Al (18). The catalytic performance (turn-over number, TON) for benzylbromide formation (from toluene) was found to be: 3CF3-Ga (225) > 1-Ga (138) > 3CF3-Al (130) > 4CF3-Ga (126) > 1-Al (95) > 4CF3-Al (89); in these trials, benzaldehyde was also detected as a product in which 3CF3-Ga outperforms the other compounds (TON = 109). The tetra-CF3-substituted 4CF3-Ga and 4CF3-Al species exhibit a dramatic formal positive shift of 116 mV and 126 mV per [CF3] group, respectively, compared to the unsubstituted parent species 1-Ga and 1-Al. However, the absorbance values (λabs = 400 nm) of these corrole complexes (all equally concentrated: 4.0 × 10-6 M) were 3CF3-Al (0.23) > 3CF3-Ga (0.22) > 1-Al (0.21) > 1-Ga (0.20) > 4CF3-Al (0.19) > 4CF3-Ga (0.15), which helps rationalize why 3CF3-Ga performs the best among these catalysts. These new photosensitizers were carefully characterized by 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopy to help verify the number and position (symmetry) of the CF3 groups; 3CF3-Ga and 3I-Al were structurally characterized. Distortions in the corrole macrocycle imposed by the multiple β-substitution were quantified.11sciescopu

Highly efficient organic photocatalysts discovered via a computer-aided-design strategy for visible-light-driven atom transfer radical polymerization

Organocatalysed photoredox-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) is a very promising polymerization method as it eliminates concerns associated with transition-metal contamination of polymer products. However, reducing the amount of catalyst and expanding the monomer scope remain major challenges in O-ATRP. Herein, we report a systematic computer-aided-design strategy to identify powerful visible-light photoredox catalysts for O-ATRP. One of our discovered organic photoredox catalysts controls the polymerization of methyl methacrylate at sub-ppm catalyst loadings (0.5 ppm-a very meaningful amount enabling the direct use of polymers without a catalyst removal process); that is, 100-1,000 times lower loadings than other organic photoredox catalysts reported so far. Another organic photoredox catalyst with supra-reducing power in an excited state and high redox stability facilitates the challenging polymerization of the non-acrylic monomer styrene, which is not successful using existing photoredox catalysts. This work provides access to diverse challenging organic/polymer syntheses and makes O-ATRP viable for many industrial and biomedical applications