The periodicity in the consumption of oxygen in Asellus aquaticus [Translation from: Vestnik ceskoslovenske zoologicke Spolecnosti, 15, 1, 89-97, 1951]

The consumption of oxygen in Asellus aquaticus was measured to find if there existed a periodicity in the consumption of oxygen and how this showed itself during the course of the day, year and in various experimental conditions. From the figures obtained comparative values were calculated and from these curves were plotted of the changes in the consumption of oxygen during the day and year

Creation of mathemathical models for analysies dynamic of price on medicines

By today’s day approximately 12 million people in Ukraine suffer from the arterial hyperpiesis, in fact it means every third adult person. As a result — the constant growth of serious diseases, such as strokes, heart attacks etc. To avoid such situation, all who suffer from the arterial hyperpiesis as a preventive course are to take a special medicine in their various combinations. In connection with the urgency of this problem the Ukrainian government gave start on the 1st of June 2012 to a Pilot project [13]. It means the implementation of the governmental control over the price policy on the medicines for prevention of the arterial hyperpiesis. The main aim of the Pilot project is to fix and control the margin level of the volume and disbursing prices on medicines by means of mechanism of compensation of their cost from the state and local budgets (the so-called «system of reimbursement»). The Pilot project covers 7 international non-patented names of medicines in tablets and caplets. To make the Pilot project effective a legislative background has been worked out by the authorized governmental institutions in strong cooperation with the leading non-governmental organizations and scientific departments of the pharmaceutical and medical institutes. The modern world trends in improving the system of manufacturing and storage of medicines were taken into account while working on the rules of cooperation of counteragents and its general legislative framework. More over, thanks to the process of constant monitoring of a number of positive and necessary changes took place while implementing the Pilot project. The total sum of money given by the government amounts to 40 mln. grvn. Currently we can say that the Pilot project gave the ability to decrease the number of those who suffer from arterial hyperpiesis; helps to implement more adequate schemes of cure and prevention of disease by taking the necessary consultation with the doctor; improve the price competition in the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market; stimulates the Ukrainian pharmaceutical manufacturers to produce more competitive and effective products and to develop new prospect market niches both in foreign and local (domestic) markets. It is also necessary to say that the system of reimbursement is widely spread in the leading European countries and is widely used by their governments to control the situation in the markets of different strategic goods to improve the quality of life of population. So, there is also a serious attempt to bring the standards of living in our country to those that exist in more developed world economics taking into account the abilities and specific needs of Ukrainian society. In this paper the linear controllable systems which defined differential equations with semi-Markov coefficients and random transformation of solutions which occurred simultaneous with jump semi-Markov process are considered. Using equations for Lyapunov function we find minimal values for an functional, finding necessary condition of optimal solutions, which reaches synthesis optimal control of this class system.В роботі спочатку обговорюється проблема, пов’язана зі станом ціноутворення на лікарські засоби (ЛЗ) в Україні. Згідно постанови КМУ № 340 з 01.06.2012 по 31.12.2012 буде здійснюватись реалізація Пілотного проекту по впровадженню державного регулювання цін на ЛЗ для лікування осіб з гіпертонічною хворобою шляхом встановлення граничного рівня оптово-відпускних цін на відповідні препарати з використанням механізму визначення порівняльних (референтних) цін і відпрацювання механізму часткового відшкодування їх вартості за рахунок коштів державного і місцевого бюджетів (системи реімбурсації). На даний момент негативним моментом є той факт, що в Україні спостерігається перенасиченість аптечними закладами. Так, на 1 аптеку припадає 1,3 тис. жителів, а в м. Києві і того більше — 2,27 тис. осіб. У порівнянні в країнах ЄС даний показник становить в середньому 3,3 тис. осіб на 1 аптеку. Як наслідок — висока конкуренція, неможливість тримати широкий асортимент ліків через надмірність витрат і загрозу збитків, що пов’язана з неможливістю здійснення вчасної реалізації та надмірності торгової націнки на препарат або дефіцит на деякі ліки. Крім того, існує зацікавленість серед працівників у реалізації більш дорогих ЛЗ з метою збільшення прибутків аптек. Ряд наведених фактів говорить на користь впровадження та вдосконалення пілотного проекту, який загалом покликаний зробити ситуацію на ринку ЛЗ більш прогнозованою, контрольованою та сприятливою для отримання стабільного прибутку та сталого розвитку вітчизняного виробництва ЛЗ. Розробка цього проекту потребує сучасного математичного апарату, який пропонується далі. Апарат із застосуванням теорії випадкових процесів дозволить будувати моделі, які сприятимуть знаходженню оптимальних шляхів вирішення зазначеної проблеми.В работе сначала обсуждается проблема, связанная с состоянием ценообразования на лекарственные средства (ЛС) в Украине. Согласно постановлению КМУ № 340 с 01.06.2012 по 31.12.2012 будет осуществляться реализация Пилотного проекта по внедрению государственного регулирования цен на ЛС для лечения лиц с гипертонической болезнью. Предлагается установление предельного уровня оптово-отпускных цен на соответствующие препараты с использованием механизма определения сравнительных (референтных) цен и отработки механизма частичного возмещения их стоимости за счет средств государственного и местного бюджетов (системы реимбурсации). На данный момент негативным моментом является тот факт, что в Украине наблюдается перенасыщенность аптечными учреждениями. Так, на 1 аптеку приходится 1,3 тыс. жителей, а в Киеве и того больше — 2,27 тыс. человек. По сравнению в странах ЕС данный показатель составляет в среднем 3,3 тыс. человек на 1 аптеку. Как следствие — высокая конкуренция, невозможность держать широкий ассортимент лекарств через избыточность затрат и угрозы ущерба, связанная с невозможностью осуществления своевременной реализации и излишества торговой наценки на препарат или дефицит на некоторые лекарства. Кроме того, существует заинтересованность среди работников в реализации более дорогих ЛС с целью увеличения прибыли аптек. Ряд приведенных фактов говорит в пользу внедрения и совершенствования пилотного проекта, который в целом призван сделать ситуацию на рынке ЛС более прогнозируемой, контролируемой и благоприятной для получения стабильной прибыли и устойчивого развития отечественного производства ЛС. Разработка этого проекта требует современного математического аппарата, который предлагается далее. Аппарат с применением теории случайных процессов позволит строить модели, способствующие нахождению оптимальных путей решения указанной проблемы

Corrosion and Electrochemical Properties of Laser-Shock-Peening-Treated Stainless Steel AISI 304L in VVER Primary Water Environment

Laser Shock Peening (LSP) is a surface treatment technique for metallic materials. It induces plastic deformation at the surface of up to around 1 mm in depth. This process introduces residual stresses that lead to strain hardening, and potentially improvements in fatigue, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and general corrosion behaviour in many, but not all, corrosive media. In this paper, two specimens made of AISI 304L stainless steel, one LSP-treated and one un-treated, were tested at 280 °C and 8 MPa in VVER (or PWR) primary circuit water chemistry using in situ Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). This experiment serves to qualify the influence of LSP on the changes in corrosion behaviour in high-temperature, high-density water. The residual stress (RS) measurement of the surface showed a compression RS. Before LSP treatment, RS at the surface was 52.2 MPa in the rolling direction 0°RD and 10.42 MPa in the transverse rolling direction 90°RD. After the treatment, surface RS was −175.27 MPa and −183.51 MPa for Scan and TScan directions, respectively. The effect of compressive RS at the surface was studied and showed an increase in corrosion rate. The analysis of oxide layer by SEM revealed differences between LSP-treated and untreated AISI 304L specimens and their connection to corrosion rates

Overview and progress in the European project: “Supercritical Water Reactor – Fuel Qualification Test”

The Supercritical Water Reactor (SCWR) is one of the six reactors being investigated under the framework of the Generation IV International Forum (GIF). One of the major challenges in the development of a SCWR is to develop materials for the fuel and core structures that will be sufficiently corrosion-resistant to withstand supercritical water conditions. Previously, core, reactor and plant design concept of the European High Performance Light Water Reactor (HPLWR) have been worked out in substantial detail. As the next step, it has been proposed to carry out a fuel qualification test of a small scale fuel assembly in a research reactor under typical prototype conditions. Design and licensing of an experimental facility for the fuel qualification test, including the small scale fuel assembly, the required coolant loop with supercritical water and safety and auxiliary systems, is the scope of the project "Supercritical Water Reactor - Fuel Qualification Test" (SCWR-FQT) described here. This project is a collaborative project co-funded by the European Commission, which takes advantage of a Chinese - European collaboration, in which China offers an electrically heated out-of-pile loop for testing of fuel bundles. The results of these out-of-pile tests on an electrically heated, but otherwise identical, fuel assembly shall be used as a pre-qualification experiment as well as for providing data for CFD and system codes validation. A significant part of the design and the necessary structural, CFD, neutronic and safety analyses had been completed. The design of the facility, and especially of the test section with the fuel assembly, as well as the most important results of the above mentioned analyses are presented. Material test results of the stainless steels considered for the fuel cladding are briefly summarized. Finally, important outcomes and lessons learnt in the "Education & Training" and "Management" work packages are presented

On subsequential spaces

AbstractSimple generators for the coreflective category of subsequential spaces, one of them countable, are constructed. Every such must have subsequential order ω1. Subsequentialness is a local property and a countable property, both in a strong sense. A T2-subsequential space may be pseudocompact without being sequential, in contrast to T2-subsequential compact (countably compact, sequentially compact) spaces all being sequential. A compact subsequential space need not be sequential

Association of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Clinical Features with European Population Genetic Substructure

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with a very varied spectrum of clinical manifestations that could be partly determined by genetic factors. We aimed to determine the relationship between prevalence of 11 clinical features and age of disease onset with European population genetic substructure. Data from 1413 patients of European ancestry recruited in nine countries was tested for association with genotypes of top ancestry informative markers. This analysis was done with logistic regression between phenotypes and genotypes or principal components extracted from them. We used a genetic additive model and adjusted for gender and disease duration. Three clinical features showed association with ancestry informative markers: autoantibody production defined as immunologic disorder (P = 6.8×10(-4)), oral ulcers (P = 6.9×10(-4)) and photosensitivity (P = 0.002). Immunologic disorder was associated with genotypes more common in Southern European ancestries, whereas the opposite trend was observed for photosensitivity. Oral ulcers were specifically more common in patients of Spanish and Portuguese self-reported ancestry. These results should be taken into account in future research and suggest new hypotheses and possible underlying mechanisms to be investigated. A first hypothesis linking photosensitivity with variation in skin pigmentation is suggested