Volumetric Enhancing Tumor Burden at CT to Predict Survival Outcomes in Patients with Neuroendocrine Liver Metastases after Intra-arterial Treatment

Purpose: To investigate whether liver enhancing tumor burden (LETB) assessed at contrast-enhanced CT indicates early response and helps predict survival outcomes in patients with multifocal neuroendocrine liver metastases (NELM) after intra-arterial treatment.Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included patients with NELM who underwent intra-arterial treatment with transarterial embolization (TAE) or chemoembolization (TACE) between April 2006 and December 2018. Tumor response in treated NELM was evaluated by using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) and modified RECIST (mRECIST). LETB was mea-sured as attenuation 2 SDs greater than that of a region of interest in the nontumoral liver parenchyma. Overall survival (OS); time to unTA(C)Eable progression, defined as the time from the initial treatment until the time when intra-arterial treatments were considered technically unfeasible, either not recommended by the multidisciplinary tumor board or until death; and hepatic and whole-body progression-free survival (PFS) were evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses, the Kaplan-Meier method, and log-rank test.Results: The study included 119 patients (mean age, 60 years +/- 11 [SD]; 61 men) who underwent 161 treatments. A median LETB change of -25.8% best discriminated OS (83 months in responders vs 51 months in nonresponders; P = .02) and whole-body PFS (18 vs 8 months, respectively; P < .001). A -10% LETB change best discriminated time to unTA(C)Eable progression (32 months in re-sponders vs 12 months in nonresponders; P < .001) and hepatic PFS (18 vs 8 months, respectively; P < .001). LETB change remained independently associated with improved OS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.56), time to unTA(C)Eable progression (HR, 0.44), hepatic PFS (HR, 0.42), and whole-body PFS (HR, 0.47) on multivariable analysis. Neither RECIST nor mRECIST helped predict patient outcome. Conclusion: Response according to LETB change helped predict survival outcomes in patients with NELM after intra-arterial treat-ments, with better discrimination than RECIST and mRECIST

Tumor growth rate as a metric of progression, response, and prognosis in pancreatic and intestinal neuroendocrine tumors.

Lanreotide depot/autogel antitumor activity in intestinal/pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) was demonstrated in the phase-3 CLARINET study (NCT00353496), based on significantly prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) versus placebo. During CLARINET, patients with metastatic intestinal/pancreatic NETs received lanreotide depot/autogel 120 mg or placebo every 4 weeks for 96 weeks. Imaging data (response evaluation criteria in solid tumors [RECIST] v1.0, centrally reviewed) were re-evaluated in this post hoc analysis of tumor growth rate (TGR) in NETs. TGR (%/month) was calculated from two imaging scans during relevant periods: pre-treatment (TGR <sub>0</sub> ); 12-24 weeks before randomization versus baseline; each treatment visit versus baseline (TGR <sub>Tx-0</sub> ); between consecutive treatment visits (TGR <sub>Tx-Tx</sub> ). To assess TGR as a measure of prognosis, PFS was compared for TGR <sub>0</sub> subgroups stratified by optimum TGR <sub>0</sub> cut-off; a multivariate analysis was conducted to identify prognostic factors for PFS. TGR <sub>0</sub> revealed tumors growing during pre-treatment (median [interquartile range] TGR <sub>0</sub> : lanreotide 2.1%/month [0.2; 6.1]; placebo 2.7%/month [0.15; 6.8]), contrary to RECIST status. TGR was significantly reduced by 12 weeks with lanreotide versus placebo (difference in least-square mean TGR <sub>0-12</sub> of - 2.9 [- 5.1, - 0.8], p = 0.008), a difference that was maintained at most subsequent visits. TGR <sub>0</sub>  > 4%/month had greater risk of progression/death than ≤4%/month (hazard ratio 4.1; [95% CI 2.5-6.5]; p < 0.001); multivariate analysis revealed lanreotide treatment, progression at baseline, TGR <sub>0</sub> , hepatic tumor load, and primary tumor type were independently associated with PFS. TGR provides valuable information on tumor activity and prognosis in patients with metastatic intestinal/pancreatic NETs, and identifies early lanreotide depot/autogel antitumor activity. Retrospective registration, 18 July 2006; EudraCT: 2005-004904-35; ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00353496

Phase 3 Trial of 177Lu-Dotatate for Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumors

Background Patients with advanced midgut neuroendocrine tumors who have had disease progression during first-line somatostatin analogue therapy have limited therapeutic options. This randomized, controlled trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of lutetium-177 (177Lu)-Dotatate in patients with advanced, progressive, somatostatin-receptor-positive midgut neuroendocrine tumors. Methods We randomly assigned 229 patients who had well-differentiated, metastatic midgut neuroendocrine tumors to receive either 177Lu-Dotatate (116 patients) at a dose of 7.4 GBq every 8 weeks (four intravenous infusions, plus best supportive care including octreotide long-acting repeatable [LAR] administered intramuscularly at a dose of 30 mg) (177Lu-Dotatate group) or octreotide LAR alone (113 patients) administered intramuscularly at a dose of 60 mg every 4 weeks (control group). The primary end point was progression-free survival. Secondary end points included the objective response rate, overall survival, safety, and the side-effect profile. The final analysis of overall survival will be conducted in the future as specified in the protocol; a prespecified interim analysis of overall survival was conducted and is reported here. Results At the data-cutoff date for the primary analysis, the estimated rate of progression-free survival at month 20 was 65.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 50.0 to 76.8) in the 177Lu-Dotatate group and 10.8% (95% CI, 3.5 to 23.0) in the control group. The response rate was 18% in the 177Lu-Dotatate group versus 3% in the control group (P<0.001). In the planned interim analysis of overall survival, 14 deaths occurred in the 177Lu-Dotatate group and 26 in the control group (P=0.004). Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and lymphopenia occurred in 1%, 2%, and 9%, respectively, of patients in the 177Lu-Dotatate group as compared with no patients in the control group, with no evidence of renal toxic effects during the observed time frame. Conclusions Treatment with 177Lu-Dotatate resulted in markedly longer progression-free survival and a significantly higher response rate than high-dose octreotide LAR among patients with advanced midgut neuroendocrine tumors. Preliminary evidence of an overall survival benefit was seen in an interim analysis; confirmation will be required in the planned final analysis. Clinically significant myelosuppression occurred in less than 10% of patients in the 177Lu-Dotatate group. (Funded by Advanced Accelerator Applications; NETTER-1 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01578239 ; EudraCT number 2011-005049-11

1308OActivity & safety of spartalizumab (PDR001) in patients (pts) with advanced neuroendocrine tumors (NET) of pancreatic (Pan), gastrointestinal (GI), or thoracic (T) origin, & gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma (GEP NEC) who have progressed on prior treatment (Tx)

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European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society 2023 guidance paper for functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour syndromes.

This ENETS guidance paper aims to provide practical advice to clinicians for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of functioning syndromes in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (NET). A NET-associated functioning syndrome is defined by the presence of a clinical syndrome combined with biochemical evidence of inappropriately elevated hormonal levels. Different hormonal syndromes can be encountered in pancreatic NET patients, including insulinoma, gastrinoma as well as the rare glucagonoma, VIPoma, ACTHoma, PTHrPoma, carcinoid syndrome, calcitoninoma, GHRHoma and somatostatinoma. The recommendations provided in this paper focus on the biochemical, genetic and imaging work-up as well as therapeutic management of the individual hormonal syndromes in well-differentiated, grade 1-3, functioning NET with the primary tumour originating in the pancreas, and for specific subtypes also in the duodenum

Anti-tumour effects of lanreotide for pancreatic and intestinal neuroendocrine tumours: The CLARINET open-label extension study

In the CLARINET study, lanreotide Autogel (depot in USA) significantly prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with metastatic pancreatic/intestinal neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). We report long-term safety and additional efficacy data from the open-label extension (OLE). Patients with metastatic grade 1/2 (Ki-67 %) nonfunctioning NET and documented baseline tumour-progression status received lanreotide Autogel 120 mg (n=101) or placebo (n=103) for 96 weeks or until death/progressive disease (PD) in CLARINET study. Patients with stable disease (SD) at core study end (lanreotide/placebo) or PD (placebo only) continued or switched to lanreotide in the OLE. In total, 88 patients (previously: lanreotide, n=41; placebo, n=47) participated: 38% had pancreatic, 39% midgut and 23% other/unknown primary tumours. Patients continuing lanreotide reported fewer adverse events (AEs) (all and treatment-related) during OLE than core study. Placebo-to-lanreotide switch patients reported similar AE rates in OLE and core studies, except more diarrhoea was considered treatment-related in OLE (overall diarrhoea unchanged). Median lanreotide PFS (core study randomisation to PD in core/OLE; n=101) was 32.8 months (95% CI: 30.9, 68.0). A sensitivity analysis, addressing potential selection

Рекомендации по лечению пациентов с прогрессирующим или метастатическим почечно-клеточным раком комбинацией ленватиниба и эверолимуса

.На сегодняшний день существует несколько вариантов терапии 2-й линии для пациентов с почечно-клеточным раком после неудачи 1-й линии терапии ингибиторами тирозинкиназ. Недавно были одобрены для лечения кабозантиниб, ниволумаб и комбинация ленватиниб + эверолимус. Отсутствие надежных биомаркеров, а также ограниченность данных проспективных сравнений различных препаратов затрудняют выбор тактики лечения 2-й линии в рутинной клинической практике.В настоящем обзоре мы описываем профиль безопасности комбинации ленватиниб + эверолимус при почечно-клеточном раке. Данная комбинация обеспечила наиболее высокие показатели объективного ответа на терапию, выживаемости без прогрессирования и общей выживаемости в исследованиях с перекрестным дизайном. В то же время профиль безопасности этой комбинации, включая частоту общих и тяжелых нежелательных явлений, процент пациентов, которым потребовалось снижение дозы или полная отмена лечения, был менее благоприятным по сравнению с доступными вариантами монотерапии. Это позволяет предположить, что более тщательный контроль токсических реакций может способствовать достижению максимальной активности этих двух средств, одновременно защищая пациентов от неоправданного вреда.Цель — разработка междисциплинарных рекомендаций для пациентов и лиц, осуществляющих уход за ними, перед началом лечения комбинацией ленватиниб + эверолимус, в том числе по контролю терапии с точки зрения повседневной клинической практики.Основные положения:•             Комбинация ленватиниба и эверолимуса одобрена для лечения пациентов с почечно-клеточным раком, рефрактерным к терапии ингибиторами тирозинкиназ, на основании высоких показателей объективного ответа, длительной выживаемости без прогрессирования и общей выживаемости.•             Профиль безопасности этой комбинации включает высокую частоту общих и тяжелых нежелательных явлений, при этом многие пациенты нуждаются в снижении дозы или прекращении лечения. Это позволяет предположить, что более эффективный контроль токсических реакций может способствовать достижению максимальной активности комбинации препаратов, одновременно защищая пациентов от неоправданного вреда.•             В этой статье мы представили мультидисциплинарные рекомендации по консультированию пациентов и лиц, осуществляющих уход за ними, перед началом лечения ленватинибом в комбинации с эверолимусом, в том числе по контролю терапии с точки зрения повседневной клинической практики.Публикуется на русском языке с разрешения авторов. Оригинал: Grande E., Glen H., Aller J. et al. Recommendations on managing lenvatinib and everolimus in patients with advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 2017. DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2017.1380624

p.Ala541Thr variant of MEN1 gene: A non deleterious polymorphism or a pathogenic mutation?

Context Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant inherited syndrome, related to mutations in the MEN1 gene. Controversial data suggest that the nonsynonymous p.Ala541Thr variant, usually considered as a non-pathogenic polymorphism, may be associated with an increased risk of MEN1-related lesions in carriers. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenic influence of the p.Ala541Thr variant on clinical and functional outcomes. Patients and methods We analysed a series of 55 index patients carrying the p.Ala541Thr variant. Their clinical profile was compared to that of 117 MEN1 patients. The biological impact of the p.Ala541Thr variant on cell growth was additionally investigated on menin-deficient Leydig cell tumour (LCT)10 cells generated from Men1+/Men1− heterozygous knock-out mice, and compared with wild type (WT). Results The mean age at first appearance of endocrine lesions was similar in both p.Ala541Thr carriers and MEN1 patients, but no p.Ala541Thr patient had more than one cardinal MEN1 lesion at initial diagnosis. A second MEN1 lesion was diagnosed in 13% of MEN1 patients and in 7% of p.Ala541Thr carriers in the year following preliminary diagnosis. Functional studies on LCT10 cells showed that overexpression of the p.Ala541Thr variant did not inhibit cell growth, which is in direct contrast to results obtained from investigation of WT menin protein. Conclusion Taken together, these data raise the question of a potential pathogenicity of the p.Ala541Thr missense variant of menin that commonly occurs within the general population. Additional studies are required to investigate whether it may be involved in a low-penetrance MEN1 phenotype

TNM Staging of Neoplasms of the Endocrine Pancreas: Results From a Large International Cohort Study

Background Both the European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) and the International Union for Cancer Control/American Joint Cancer Committee/World Health Organization (UICC/AJCC/WHO) have proposed TNM staging systems for pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. This study aims to identify the most accurate and useful TNM system for pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Methods The study included 1072 patients who had undergone previous surgery for their cancer and for which at least 2 years of follow-up from 1990 to 2007 was available. Data on 28 variables were collected, and the performance of the two TNM staging systems was compared by Cox regression analysis and multivariable analyses. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results Differences in distribution of sex and age were observed for the ENETS TNM staging system. At Cox regression analysis, only the ENETS TNM staging system perfectly allocated patients into four statistically significantly different and equally populated risk groups (with stage I as the reference; stage II hazard ratio [HR] of death = 16.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.14 to 123, P = .007; stage III HR of death = 51.81, 95% CI = 7.11 to 377, P < .001; and stage IV HR of death = 160, 95% CI = 22.30 to 1143, P < .001). However, the UICC/AJCC/WHO 2010 TNM staging system compressed the disease into three differently populated classes, with most patients in stage I, and with the patients being equally distributed into stages II-III (statistically similar) and IV (with stage I as the reference; stage II HR of death = 9.57, 95% CI = 4.62 to 19.88, P < .001; stage III HR of death = 9.32, 95% CI = 3.69 to 23.53, P = .94; and stage IV HR of death = 30.84, 95% CI = 15.62 to 60.87, P < .001). Multivariable modeling indicated curative surgery, TNM staging, and grading were effective predictors of death, and grading was the second most effective independent predictor of survival in the absence of staging information. Though both TNM staging systems were independent predictors of survival, the UICC/AJCC/WHO 2010 TNM stages showed very large 95% confidence intervals for each stage, indicating an inaccurate predictive ability. Conclusion Our data suggest the ENETS TNM staging system is superior to the UICC/AJCC/WHO 2010 TNM staging system and supports its use in clinical practic

Gastric Juvenile Polyposis with High-Grade Dysplasia in Pachydermoperiostosis

Pachydermoperiostosis (PDP) is the primary form of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. It is a very rare disease consisting of pachydermia, digital clubbing and radiologic periostosis. Various digestive symptoms in PDP are seen in 11–49% of patients and juvenile polyps may be found at gastric endoscopy. We report here the history of a patient with PDP who was referred for assessment of severe anemia. Endoscopy of the upper digestive tract showed multiple polyps of the stomach with two huge lesions exhibiting foci of high-grade dysplasia. This observation suggests that PDP can be considered as a precancerous condition of the stomach and systematic screening using endoscopy should be considered in these patients