Basic Understanding of Condensed Phases of Matter via Packing Models

Packing problems have been a source of fascination for millenia and their study has produced a rich literature that spans numerous disciplines. Investigations of hard-particle packing models have provided basic insights into the structure and bulk properties of condensed phases of matter, including low-temperature states (e.g., molecular and colloidal liquids, crystals and glasses), multiphase heterogeneous media, granular media, and biological systems. The densest packings are of great interest in pure mathematics, including discrete geometry and number theory. This perspective reviews pertinent theoretical and computational literature concerning the equilibrium, metastable and nonequilibrium packings of hard-particle packings in various Euclidean space dimensions. In the case of jammed packings, emphasis will be placed on the "geometric-structure" approach, which provides a powerful and unified means to quantitatively characterize individual packings via jamming categories and "order" maps. It incorporates extremal jammed states, including the densest packings, maximally random jammed states, and lowest-density jammed structures. Packings of identical spheres, spheres with a size distribution, and nonspherical particles are also surveyed. We close this review by identifying challenges and open questions for future research.Comment: 33 pages, 20 figures, Invited "Perspective" submitted to the Journal of Chemical Physics. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1008.298

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Online Info-Communication Practices in the Face of a Crisis of Trust in Breast Cancer Prevention

International audienceThis chapter explains the context of the crisis of trust not only related to the culture of prevention in general, but also to the historical, organizational and communicational specificities of the prevention of breast cancer through its measures and its actors. It presents the research methodology and the main results of the online ethnographic study on the information-communication practices of the population concerned with regard to prevention discourses. The chapter provides the trusted features of interpersonal or impersonal characteristics created around prevention campaigns online. Primary prevention is the set of actions that reduce the occurrence or incidence of a disease. Secondary prevention is actions that aim to reduce the morbidity or the consequences of a disease once it occurs. Tertiary prevention represents actions that aim to reduce disability associated with chronic illnesses. Trust seems to co-construct itself through a process rooted in individual realities and social support between those involved in breast cancer