Além da hipótese de desigualdade de renda e influência na saúde humana: uma exploração global

OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether the relationship between income inequality and human health is mediated through social capital, and whether political regime determines differences in income inequality and social capital among countries. METHODS: Path analysis of cross sectional ecological data from 110 countries. Life expectancy at birth was the outcome variable, and income inequality (measured by the Gini coefficient), social capital (measured by the Corruption Perceptions Index or generalized trust), and political regime (measured by the Index of Freedom) were the predictor variables. Corruption Perceptions Index (an indirect indicator of social capital) was used to include more developing countries in the analysis. The correlation between Gini coefficient and predictor variables was calculated using Spearman's coefficients. The path analysis was designed to assess the effect of income inequality, social capital proxies and political regime on life expectancy. RESULTS: The path coefficients suggest that income inequality has a greater direct effect on life expectancy at birth than through social capital. Political regime acts on life expectancy at birth through income inequality. CONCLUSIONS: Income inequality and social capital have direct effects on life expectancy at birth. The "class/welfare regime model" can be useful for understanding social and health inequalities between countries, whereas the "income inequality hypothesis" which is only a partial approach is especially useful for analyzing differences within countries.OBJETIVO: Analizar si la relación entre la desigualdad la renta y la salud humana está determinada por el capital social, y si el régimen político determina la distribución de desigualdad de renta en los países. MÉTODOS: Estudio ecológico de trayectorias utilizando datos transversales de 110 países. La esperanza de vida al nacer fue la variable resultado, y la desigualdad en la renta (medida con el coeficiente de Gini), el capital social (medido por el Índice de Percepción de Corrupción o la confianza generalizada) y el régimen político (medido por el Indice de Libertad), las variables independientes. El Indice de Percepción de Corrupción (un indicador indirecto del capital social) fue usado para incluir más países en desarrollo en el análisis. Fueron calculados los coeficientes de correlación de Spearman entre el índice de Gini con las demás variables independientes. El análisis de trayectoria fue realizado para evaluar el efecto de la desigualdad de renta, de los proxys de capital social y del régimen político en la esperanza de vida. RESULTADOS: Los coeficientes de trayectoria sugieren que la desigualdad en la renta tiene un mayor impacto directo sobre la esperanza de vida al nacer que a través del capital social. El régimen político actúa sobre la esperanza de vida al nacer a través de la desigualdad en el ingreso. CONCLUSIONES: La desigualdad en la renta y el capital social tienen efectos directos sobre la esperanza de vida al nacer. El modelo de régimen de "clase/bienestar" puede ser útil para entender las desigualdades sociales y de salud entre países, mientras que la "hipótesis de desigualdad en la renta" es solo una aproximación parcial útil para analizar diferencias dentro de cada país.OBJETIVO: Analisar se a relação entre a desigualdade de renda e a saúde humana é mediada pelo capital social, assim como a influência do regime político na distribuição de renda nos países. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico de trajetórias utilizando dados transversais de 110 países. A variável de desfecho foi a esperança de vida ao nascer; as variáveis independentes foram: desigualdade de renda (medida pelo índice de Gini), capital social (medido pelo índice de percepção de corrupção ou confiança generalizada) e regime político (medido pelo Índice de Liberdade). O Índice de Percepção de Corrupção (um indicador indireto do capital social) foi usado para incluir mais países em desenvolvimento na análise. Foram calculados os coeficientes de correlação de Spearman entre o índice de Gini com as demais variáveis independentes. A análise de trajetória foi realizada para avaliar o efeito da desigualdade de renda, dos proxys de social capital e do regime político na expectativa de vida. RESULTADOS: Os coeficientes de trajetória sugerem que a desigualdade de renda tem maior impacto direto sobre a esperança de vida ao nascer do que por meio do capital social. O regime político atua sobre a esperança de vida ao nascer por meio da desigualdade de renda. CONCLUSÕES: A desigualdade de renda e o capital social têm efeitos diretos sobre a esperança de vida ao nascer. O modelo de regime de "classe/bem-estar" pode ser útil para entender as desigualdades sociais e de saúde entre países, enquanto a hipótese de desigualdade de renda se limita a uma aproximação parcial útil para analisar diferenças dentro dos países

Physiological responses to acute cold exposure in young lean men

The aim of this study was to comprehensively describe the physiological responses to an acute bout of mild cold in young lean men (n = 11, age: 23 ± 2 years, body mass index: 23.1 ± 1.2 kg/m2) to better understand the underlying mechanisms of non-shivering thermogenesis and how it is regulated. Resting energy expenditure, substrate metabolism, skin temperature, thermal comfort perception, superficial muscle activity, hemodynamics of the forearm and abdominal regions, and heart rate variability were measured under warm conditions (22.7 ± 0.2ÊC) and during an individualized cooling protocol (air-conditioning and water cooling vest) in a cold room (19.4 ± 0.1ÊC). The temperature of the cooling vest started at 16.6ÊC and decreased ~ 1.4ÊC every 10 minutes until participants shivered (93.5 ± 26.3 min). All measurements were analysed across 4 periods: warm period, at 31% and at 64% of individualÂs cold exposure time until shivering occurred, and at the shivering threshold. Energy expenditure increased from warm period to 31% of cold exposure by 16.7% (P = 0.078) and to the shivering threshold by 31.7% (P = 0.023). Fat oxidation increased by 72.6% from warm period to 31% of cold exposure (P = 0.004), whereas no changes occurred in carbohydrates oxidation. As shivering came closer, the skin temperature and thermal comfort perception decreased (all P<0.05), except in the supraclavicular skin temperature, which did not change (P>0.05). Furthermore, the superficial muscle activation increased at the shivering threshold. It is noteworthy that the largest physiological changes occurred during the first 30 minutes of cold exposure, when the participants felt less discomfort.The study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (PTA 12264-I), Fondo de InvestigacioÂn Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI13/01393), and Retos de la Sociedad (DEP2016-79512-R), Fondos Estructurales de la UnioÂn Europea (FEDER), by the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU 13/04365 and 15/04059), by the FundacioÂn Iberoamericana de NutricioÂn (FINUT), by the Redes temaÂticas de investigacioÂn cooperativa RETIC (Red SAMI

Perceived value of advanced mobile messaging services: A cross-cultural comparison of Greek and Spanish users

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the role of perceived value on post-acceptance behaviour for users of advanced mobile messaging services (AMMS). The paper also compares differences in the influence of perceived value on satisfaction and of satisfaction on loyalty to AMMS in Spain and Greece, to test the moderating effect of culture. Design/methodology/approach Partial least squares path modelling is used to test the model. Perceived value is modelled as a multidimensional reflective construct with four dimensions. Culture is studied at a national level. Differences between countries are tested using the multigroup analysis approach proposed by Henseler et al. (2009). Findings Perceived value contributes significantly to satisfaction. Satisfaction also has a significant effect on loyalty. Regarding the moderating effect of culture, the influence of perceived value on satisfaction is higher in Greece than in Spain. The authors report similar findings for the effect of satisfaction on loyalty, demonstrating the relevant moderating role of cultures with different degrees of masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and collectivism. Practical implications This cross-cultural comparison enables mobile phone companies to understand how to provide the greatest value with AMMS in each country in order to increase user satisfaction and loyalty to the service. Originality/value This is one of the first studies that develops cross-cultural research to analyse the post-acceptance of mobile services. It analyses the effect of perceived value and satisfaction, making an original comparison of two countries generally considered too similar to be compared

Integrating cognitive contents in Physical Education classes: Effects on cognitive variables and emotional intelligence

The aim was to analyse the effect of a 4-week programme integrating cognitive contents in Physical Education (CogniPE) on cognitive performance (CP) and emotional intelligence (EI) of adolescents. A randomised controlled trial was conducted with a control group (CG, n=58), which performed physical exercises at low intensity (i.e., stretching or pilates), an experimental group 1, which performed small-sided games of team sports (EG1, n=62), and experimental group 2, which performed CogniPE (EG2, n=60). Intensity of exercises and scores were registered after each station to classify and motivate the teams. Selective attention and concentration increased by 11.9% and 9.2% in EG1, and by 18.2% and 14.4% in EG2, respectively, compared to CG. Mathematical calculation improved by 15.9% and 18.7% in EG1 and EG2, compared to CG. In EI, well-being improved by 10.9% in EG1, sociability improved by 12.8% in EG1 and 15.9% in EG2 compared to CG. It is concluded to use CogniPE in school context

Analysis of the effect size of overweight in muscular strength tests among adolescents: Reference values according to sex, age, and body mass index.

The aim of this paper is to quantify the effect size of overweight on the results of muscular strength tests in adolescents and to report percentile tables based on sex, age, and body mass index (BMI). The study hypothesized that the effect size obtained from the difference between normal-weight and overweight youth would be greater than the differences between sexes within the same age group. A total of 11,044 Spanish adolescents (48.5% girls) aged 14.39 6 1.21 years (range: 12–16 years) from 42 secondary schools participated in the research. Muscular strength was evaluated using standing long jump, hand grip strength (manual dynamometer), and sit-ups (30 seconds). The effect size was analyzed using the adjusted Hedges’ g˘. The results show that 76.3 and 72.8% of overweight boys and girls, respectively, performed a standing long jump equal to or less than the normal-weight average. The 67.4 and 67.1% of overweight boys and girls, respectively, showed manual dynamometer values equal to or greater than the normal-weight average. Finally, 68.7 and 65.9% of overweight boys and girls, respectively, obtained measures for 30 seconds of sit-ups equal to or lower than the normal-weight average. It can therefore be concluded that the differential effect size between boys and girls is higher than that between normal-weight and overweight adolescents in the 3 strength tests analyzed. Despite the above, these results suggest the value of taking into account the BMI when assessing the muscular strength of young people, in addition to sex and age

Association between Air Pollution and Hemoptysis

Altres ajuts: The authors would like to thank the Service of Air Surveillance and Control (Servei de Vigilància i Control de l'Aire) of the Department of Environment of the Catalan Autonomous Government for the data provided.Background. The relationship between air pollution and exacerbation of respiratory diseases is well established. Nevertheless, its association with hemoptysis has been poorly investigated. This paper describes the relationship of air pollutants with severe hemoptysis. Methods. All consecutive subjects with severe hemoptysis during a 5-year period were included. The relationship between the contamination measurements and the frequency of embolizations was analyzed using Poisson regressions. In these regressions, the dependent variable was the monthly number of embolizations in a given month and the independent variable was either the concentration of an air contaminant during the same month, the concentration of the air contaminant during the previous month, or the difference between the two. Results. A higher total number of embolizations per month were observed over the months with increases in the concentration of NO. The number of embolizations was 2.0 in the 33 months with no increases in the concentration of NO, 2.1 in the 12 months with small increases, 2.2 in the 5 months with moderate increases, 2.5 in the 4 months with large increases, and 4.0 in the 5 months with very large increases. Conclusion. There is association between hemoptysis and increases in the concentration of atmospheric NO in Badalona (Spain)

Ideas alternativas sobre cambio climático, adelgazamiento de la capa de ozono y lluvia ácida de un grupo de alumnos de centros de enseñanza permanente de adultos

Es mucha la información que recibimos en torno al cambio climático, el adelgazamiento de la capa de ozono y la lluvia ácida, y en relación a ello se generan muchas opiniones e ideas no exentas de polémica y de falta de rigor científico que hacen confundir causas y consecuencias de unos y otros. Se plantea la necesidad de posicionarnos como ciudadanos responsables ante las consecuencias de tan graves problemas, por lo que consideramos clave conocer más sobre las ideas del alumnado y su posible origen. Se ha elaborado y analizado un cuestionario para detectar posibles ideas alternativas relacionadas con los principales problemas de contaminación atmosférica. La muestra está formada por un grupo de alumnos de Educación Permanente de Adultos (EPA)

Nova estratègia diagnòstica per la Tuberculosi : sí, però amb matisos

La realització de nous tests per diagnosticar la Infecció Latent per M.tuberculosi (ITBL), els TIGRAs, basats en la detecció d'una citosina relacionada amb la Resposta Immunològica Cel·lular que es desencadena contra el bacil tuberculós, sembla aportar noves llums al tractament de la infecció: són més sensibles i específics que el tractament estàndard de la Tuberculina (TST). Tot i així, encara es desconeix si la seva utilització posterior a un TST influeix en els resultats finals. Per això, i per ampliar aquesta línia d'investigació, un estudi de seguiment immunològic, dut a terme a la Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental de l'hospital "Germans Trias i Pujol", ha obtingut uns resultats que demostren la necessitat d'aprofundir sobre aquest tema, malgrat alguns països valoren la possibilitat d'utilitzar-los seqüencialment

SEOM clinical guideline for the management of cutaneous melanoma (2020)

Tractament adjuvant; Melanoma; EscenificacióAdjuvant treatment; Melanoma; StagingTratamiento adyuvante; Melanoma; EscenificaciónMelanoma affects about 6000 patients a year in Spain. A group of medical oncologists from Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM) and Spanish Multidisciplinary Melanoma Group (GEM) has designed these guidelines to homogenize the management of these patients. The diagnosis must be histological and determination of BRAF status has to be performed in patients with stage ≥ III. Stage I–III resectable melanomas will be treated surgically. In patients with stage III melanoma, adjuvant treatment with immunotherapy or targeted therapy is also recommended. Patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma will receive treatment with immunotherapy or targeted therapy, the optimal sequence of these treatments remains unclear. Brain metastases require a separate consideration, since, in addition to systemic treatment, they may require local treatment. Patients must be followed up closely to receive or change treatment as soon as their previous clinical condition changes, since multiple therapeutic options are available

High-throughput, fluorescent-aptamer-based measurements of steady-state transcription rates for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis RNA polymerase

The first step in gene expression is the transcription of DNA sequences into RNA. Regulation at the level of transcription leads to changes in steady-state concentrations of RNA transcripts, affecting the flux of downstream functions and ultimately cellular phenotypes. Changes in transcript levels are routinely followed in cellular contexts via genome-wide sequencing techniques. However, in vitro mechanistic studies of transcription have lagged with respect to throughput. Here, we describe the use of a real-time, fluorescent-aptamer-based method to quantitate steady-state transcription rates of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis RNA polymerase. We present clear controls to show that the assay specifically reports on promoter-dependent, full-length RNA transcription rates that are in good agreement with the kinetics determined by gel-resolved, α-32P NTP incorporation experiments. We illustrate how the time-dependent changes in fluorescence can be used to measure regulatory effects of nucleotide concentrations and identity, RNAP and DNA concentrations, transcription factors, and antibiotics. Our data showcase the ability to easily perform hundreds of parallel steady-state measurements across varying conditions with high precision and reproducibility to facilitate the study of the molecular mechanisms of bacterial transcription