The Reforms to the Mexican Health Policies: The Case of the Popular Insurance in the Health System in the State of Mexico

Introduction: In Mexico the right to health protection is recognized in the Constitution and within the framework of the state reforms, in this document the reforms concerning the health policies are found. In Mexico this process began in the eighties from the last century. A strategy for its implementation has been the establishment of the Popular Health Insurance, strategy which has had special features in different country regions. One of these regions is the State of Mexico. Since its inception in 2002, the Popular Insurance pro- pounds to join the task so that by the year 2010 all Mexican population had coverage of healthcare services at 100 per cent. After sixteen years from its be- ginning, the first documentary revision is made identifying if it has achieved its population coverage goal. Method: Different official documents which present the development of its implementation specifically in the State of Mexico are revised. Results: In México, the Popular Insurance as part of the reform to the policies to its establishment and implementation in the State of Mexico, using the same existing health structure appropriating physical and human resources. In terms of the services it grants, it neither cover all those that the society from the State of Mexico demands, nor does it grant the ne- cessary medicine to its care

Cost of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in Europe and the USA: the GAIN study

Background & Aims: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) leads to cirrhosis and is associated with a substantial socioeco- nomic burden, which, coupled with rising prevalence, is a growing public health challenge. However, there are few real-world data available describing the impact of NASH. Methods: The Global Assessment of the Impact of NASH (GAIN) study is a prevalence-based burden of illness study across Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the UK) and the USA. Physicians provided demographic, clinical, and economic patient information via an online survey. In total, 3,754 patients found to have NASH on liver biopsy were stratified by fibrosis score and by biomarkers as either early or advanced fibrosis. Per-patient costs were estimated using national unit price data and extrapolated to the population level to calculate the economic burden. Of the patients, 767 (20%) provided information on indirect costs and health-related quality of life using the EuroQOL 5-D (EQ-5D; n = 749) and Chronic Liver Disease Ques- tionnaire – Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (CLDQ-NAFLD) (n = 723). Results: Mean EQ-5D and CLDQ-NAFLD index scores were 0.75 and 4.9, respectively. For 2018, the mean total annual per patient cost of NASH was V2,763, V4,917, and V5,509 for direct medical, direct non-medical, and indirect costs, respectively. National per-patient cost was highest in the USA and lowest in France. Costs increased with fibrosis and decompensation, driven by hospitalisation and comorbidities. Indirect costs were driven by work loss. Conclusions: The GAIN study provides real-world data on the direct medical, direct non-medical, and indirect costs asso- ciated with NASH, including patient-reported outcomes in Europe and the USA, showing a substantial burden on health services and individuals

La política social en el estado de México en torno a la pandemia por covid-19

Objective: To describe the impact of social policy in the State of Mexico in the context of the covid-19 pandemic. Methodology: A documentary and retrospective analysis was developed on the main social deprivations in the State of Mexico and their impact on the covid-19 pandemic. Results: Until 2020, the fatality rate due to Covid-19 in the State of Mexico was 13.5%, compared to the national average (9.1%) (SEGOB CDMX, 2021: 6-7) and the second entity with the highest excess mortality from all causes (78.8%) (INSP, 2021: 35). Likewise, poverty grew 7.1%, and at the national level it was 2%, but food was doubled (Coneval, 2021b; Coneval, 2021a), a situation linked to the absence of actions related to the right to health (p.26), despite the fact that the population without access to health services grew from 19% to 34% (Coneval, 2021a)Objetivo: Describir el impacto de la política social en el Estado de México en el contexto de la pandemia por covid-19. Metodología: Se desarrolló un análisis documental y retrospectivo sobre las principales carencias sociales en el Estado de México y su impacto en torno a la pandemia por covid-19. Resultados: Hasta el 2020 la tasa de letalidad por Covid-19 en el Estado de México fue del 13.5%, en comparación con la media nacional (9.1%) (SEGOB CDMX, 2021:6-7) y la segunda entidad con el mayor exceso de mortalidad por todas las causas (78.8%) (INSP, 2021:35). Así mismo, la pobreza creció 7.1%, y a nivel nacional fue del 2%, pero la alimentaria fue del doble (Coneval, 2021b; Coneval, 2021a), situación vinculada a ausencia de acciones relacionadas con el derecho a la salud (p.26), pese a que la población sin acceso a servicio de salud creció del 19% al 34% (Coneval, 2021a)

Knowledge about contraceptive methods and sexual behavior in young university students.

Introducción: En México los embarazos no planificados se presentan entre 30% y 60% en adolescentes. Esta problemática permea a todos los grupos de la sociedad observándose aún en las universidades. La Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México ha realizado acciones preventivas; sin embargo, en cinco años, el número de embarazos en las estudiantes incrementó en un plantel de la zona oriente, por lo que se propuso evaluar el conocimiento sobre métodos de planificación familiar y conducta sexual que tienen los estudiantes universitarios. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo transversal realizado en 2018. La muestra no probabilística estuvo integrada por 224 alumnos de ciencias sociales del nivel superior de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, quienes dieron su consentimiento informado. Se les aplicó un cuestionario de 32 ítems a través del cual se evaluó conocimiento sobre métodos de planificación familiar y conductas sexuales que tenían. Resultados: 51% informaron recibir información sobre métodos de planificación familiar entre 13 y 17 años, proviniendo de su profesor(a). 69% de los estudiantes reportaron haber tenido relaciones sexuales; de los cuales 97% respondieron que antes de ingresar al nivel superior recibieron la información sobre métodos anticonceptivos. Actualmente 45% no utiliza algún método anticonceptivo, 49% declararon haber tenido sexo oral y 18% anal. 9% reportó tener relaciones sexuales bajo influencia de drogas. Conclusiones: Se realizó un acercamiento al conocimiento sobre métodos de planificación familiar y conducta sexual de los estudiantes, para diseñar e implementar un programa de salud sexual que prevenga infecciones de transmisión sexual y embarazos no planificados.Unplanned pregnancies in Mexico occur between 30 and 60 percent of the cases in adolescents. This problem permeates all groups in society being observed even in universities. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Mexico has developed preventive actions, but in five years the number of pregnancies in students increased in one of its campuses in the western area, reason why it was proposed to evaluate the knowledge about family planning methods and sexual behavior that university students have. Methodology: Cross-sectional quantitative study conducted in 2018. The non-probability sample consisted of 224 students from the upper level of Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Mexico who gave their informed consent. A questionnaire of 32 items was applied, through which knowledge about family planning methods and sexual behaviors they had were evaluated. Results: 51% reported receiving information about family planning methods when they were 13 and 17 years old, coming from their teachers. 69% of the students reported having had sexual intercourse from whom 97% answered that they had received information about contraceptive methods before entering the upper level. Currently 45% do not use any contraception method, 49% reported having oral sex and 18% anal sex; 9% reported having sex under the influence of drugs. Conclusions: An approach was made to knowledge about family planning methods and sexual behavior of students, to design and implement a sexual health program that prevents sexually transmitted infections and unplanned pregnancies

Correction to: The LUCID study: living with ulcerative colitis; identifying the socioeconomic burden in Europe.

From Europe PMC via Jisc Publications RouterHistory: ppub 2021-12-01, epub 2021-12-15Publication status: Publishe

The LUCID study: living with ulcerative colitis; identifying the socioeconomic burden in Europe

From Springer Nature via Jisc Publications RouterHistory: received 2020-08-21, accepted 2021-11-15, registration 2021-11-16, collection 2021-12, pub-electronic 2021-12-04, online 2021-12-04Publication status: PublishedFunder: Pfizer UK; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100009032Funder: Eli Lilly and Company; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100004312Funder: Celgene; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100006436Abstract: Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease with increasing prevalence worldwide. Current treatment strategies place considerable economic and humanistic burdens on patients. The aim of this study was to determine the socioeconomic burden of UC in adult patients in European countries in a real-world setting. Methods: In this retrospective, cross-sectional and observational pan-European study, patients with moderate or severe UC were assigned to ARM 1 and patients who had moderate or severe UC but achieved mild or remission status 12 months before index date (or clinical consultation date), were assigned to ARM 2. Clinical and medical resource use data were collected via electronic case report forms, and data on non-medical and indirect costs, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were collected via patient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE) questionnaires. Per-patient annual total costs per ARM and per country were calculated using the collated resource use in the last 12 months (between the start of the documentation period and patient consultation or index date) and country specific unit costs. Quality of life was described by arm and by country. Results: In the physician-reported eCRF population (n = 2966), the mean annual direct medical cost was €4065 in ARM 1 (n = 1835) and €2935 in ARM 2 (n = 1131). In the PPIE population (ARM 1, n = 1001; ARM 2, n = 647), mean annual direct cost was €4526 in ARM 1 and €3057 in ARM 2, mean annual direct non-medical cost was €1162 in ARM 1 and €1002 in ARM 2, mean annual indirect cost was €3098 in ARM 1 and €2309 ARM 2, and mean annual total cost was in €8787 in ARM 1 and €6368 in ARM 2. HRQoL scores showed moderate to high burden of UC in both groups. Conclusions: The cost and HRQoL burden were high in patients in both ARM 1 and ARM 2 indicating unmet needs in the UC active population

The LUCID study: living with ulcerative colitis; identifying the socioeconomic burden in Europe

From Springer Nature via Jisc Publications RouterHistory: received 2020-08-21, accepted 2021-11-15, registration 2021-11-16, collection 2021-12, pub-electronic 2021-12-04, online 2021-12-04Publication status: PublishedFunder: Pfizer UK; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100009032Funder: Eli Lilly and Company; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100004312Funder: Celgene; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100006436Abstract: Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease with increasing prevalence worldwide. Current treatment strategies place considerable economic and humanistic burdens on patients. The aim of this study was to determine the socioeconomic burden of UC in adult patients in European countries in a real-world setting. Methods: In this retrospective, cross-sectional and observational pan-European study, patients with moderate or severe UC were assigned to ARM 1 and patients who had moderate or severe UC but achieved mild or remission status 12 months before index date (or clinical consultation date), were assigned to ARM 2. Clinical and medical resource use data were collected via electronic case report forms, and data on non-medical and indirect costs, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were collected via patient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE) questionnaires. Per-patient annual total costs per ARM and per country were calculated using the collated resource use in the last 12 months (between the start of the documentation period and patient consultation or index date) and country specific unit costs. Quality of life was described by arm and by country. Results: In the physician-reported eCRF population (n = 2966), the mean annual direct medical cost was €4065 in ARM 1 (n = 1835) and €2935 in ARM 2 (n = 1131). In the PPIE population (ARM 1, n = 1001; ARM 2, n = 647), mean annual direct cost was €4526 in ARM 1 and €3057 in ARM 2, mean annual direct non-medical cost was €1162 in ARM 1 and €1002 in ARM 2, mean annual indirect cost was €3098 in ARM 1 and €2309 ARM 2, and mean annual total cost was in €8787 in ARM 1 and €6368 in ARM 2. HRQoL scores showed moderate to high burden of UC in both groups. Conclusions: The cost and HRQoL burden were high in patients in both ARM 1 and ARM 2 indicating unmet needs in the UC active population

Correction to: The LUCID study: living with ulcerative colitis; identifying the socioeconomic burden in Europe

From Springer Nature via Jisc Publications RouterHistory: collection 2021-12, registration 2021-12-08, pub-electronic 2021-12-15, online 2021-12-15Publication status: Publishe

The LUCID study: living with ulcerative colitis; identifying the socioeconomic burden in Europe

From Springer Nature via Jisc Publications RouterHistory: received 2020-08-21, accepted 2021-11-15, registration 2021-11-16, collection 2021-12, pub-electronic 2021-12-04, online 2021-12-04Publication status: PublishedFunder: Pfizer UK; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100009032Funder: Eli Lilly and Company; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100004312Funder: Celgene; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100006436Abstract: Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease with increasing prevalence worldwide. Current treatment strategies place considerable economic and humanistic burdens on patients. The aim of this study was to determine the socioeconomic burden of UC in adult patients in European countries in a real-world setting. Methods: In this retrospective, cross-sectional and observational pan-European study, patients with moderate or severe UC were assigned to ARM 1 and patients who had moderate or severe UC but achieved mild or remission status 12 months before index date (or clinical consultation date), were assigned to ARM 2. Clinical and medical resource use data were collected via electronic case report forms, and data on non-medical and indirect costs, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were collected via patient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE) questionnaires. Per-patient annual total costs per ARM and per country were calculated using the collated resource use in the last 12 months (between the start of the documentation period and patient consultation or index date) and country specific unit costs. Quality of life was described by arm and by country. Results: In the physician-reported eCRF population (n = 2966), the mean annual direct medical cost was €4065 in ARM 1 (n = 1835) and €2935 in ARM 2 (n = 1131). In the PPIE population (ARM 1, n = 1001; ARM 2, n = 647), mean annual direct cost was €4526 in ARM 1 and €3057 in ARM 2, mean annual direct non-medical cost was €1162 in ARM 1 and €1002 in ARM 2, mean annual indirect cost was €3098 in ARM 1 and €2309 ARM 2, and mean annual total cost was in €8787 in ARM 1 and €6368 in ARM 2. HRQoL scores showed moderate to high burden of UC in both groups. Conclusions: The cost and HRQoL burden were high in patients in both ARM 1 and ARM 2 indicating unmet needs in the UC active population

The LUCID study: living with ulcerative colitis; identifying the socioeconomic burden in Europe

From Springer Nature via Jisc Publications RouterHistory: received 2020-08-21, accepted 2021-11-15, registration 2021-11-16, collection 2021-12, pub-electronic 2021-12-04, online 2021-12-04Publication status: PublishedFunder: Pfizer UK; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100009032Funder: Eli Lilly and Company; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100004312Funder: Celgene; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100006436Abstract: Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease with increasing prevalence worldwide. Current treatment strategies place considerable economic and humanistic burdens on patients. The aim of this study was to determine the socioeconomic burden of UC in adult patients in European countries in a real-world setting. Methods: In this retrospective, cross-sectional and observational pan-European study, patients with moderate or severe UC were assigned to ARM 1 and patients who had moderate or severe UC but achieved mild or remission status 12 months before index date (or clinical consultation date), were assigned to ARM 2. Clinical and medical resource use data were collected via electronic case report forms, and data on non-medical and indirect costs, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were collected via patient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE) questionnaires. Per-patient annual total costs per ARM and per country were calculated using the collated resource use in the last 12 months (between the start of the documentation period and patient consultation or index date) and country specific unit costs. Quality of life was described by arm and by country. Results: In the physician-reported eCRF population (n = 2966), the mean annual direct medical cost was €4065 in ARM 1 (n = 1835) and €2935 in ARM 2 (n = 1131). In the PPIE population (ARM 1, n = 1001; ARM 2, n = 647), mean annual direct cost was €4526 in ARM 1 and €3057 in ARM 2, mean annual direct non-medical cost was €1162 in ARM 1 and €1002 in ARM 2, mean annual indirect cost was €3098 in ARM 1 and €2309 ARM 2, and mean annual total cost was in €8787 in ARM 1 and €6368 in ARM 2. HRQoL scores showed moderate to high burden of UC in both groups. Conclusions: The cost and HRQoL burden were high in patients in both ARM 1 and ARM 2 indicating unmet needs in the UC active population