Corticotomy-assisted orthodontics

The use of orthodontic treatment in adult patients is becoming more common and these patients have different requirements specially regarding duration of treatment and facial and dental aesthetics. Alveolar corticotomy is an effective means of accelerating orthodontic treatment. This literature revision include an historical background, biological and orthodontic fundamentals and the most significant clinical applications of this technique. Orthodontic treatment time is reduced with this technique to one-third of that in conventional orthodontics. Alveolar bone grafting of labial and palatal/lingual surfaces ensures root coverage as the dental arch is expanded. Corticotomyassisted orthodontics has been reported in a few clinical cases, and seems to be a promising adjuvant technique, indicated for many situations in the orthodontic treatment of adults without active periodontal pathology. Its main advantages are reduction of treatment time and postorthodontic stability. Further controlled prospective and histological studies are needed to study tooth movement, post-retention stability, and microstructural features of teeth, periodontium, and regenerated bone after using this procedure

Estudio experimental del relleno de cavidades óseas con hidroxiapatita asociada a colágeno

La cirugía ortopédica y maxilo-facial necesita realizar en muchas ocasiones resecciones masivas de tejido óseo. Esto ha hecho que se hayan propuesta la utilización de materiales inertes como sustitutos óseos, gracias a la habilidad que tienen de permitir la regeneración del hueso, tanto en el campo de la medicina como de la odontología. Nuestro trabajo tiene por objetivo estudiar un biomaterial compuesto de hidroxiapatita asociado a colágeno como material de sustitución ósea (Collapat de OSTEO AG) en forma de esponjas, con un peso de 500 mg y de un tamaño de 35x30x6 mm. Se han intervenido 50 animales de experimentación (conejo Albino de Nueva Zelanda), divididos por 16 animales. Los animales de este grupo fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente realizándose una cavidad a nivel metafisodiafisario en el fémur y otra en la tibia, pero en ninguna de las cavidades se realizaron implantes. Los animales del grupo II o grupo estudio estaban comprendidos por 34 animales, a los que se les realizó la misma intervención, pero se le implantó una esponja de hidroxiapatita-colágeno de las dimensiones antes descritas, en cada una de las cavidades. El estudio ha demostrado una regeneración ósea de la cavidad rellenada a expensas de la rápida reabsorbción del colágeno, y de una lenta reabsorbción de la hidroxiapatita

Intensive Training and Sex Influence Intestinal Microbiota Composition: A Preclinical Approach

Lifestyle, including regular physical activity and dietary habits, influences microbiota composition. Although some studies have demonstrated changes in microbiota composition due to moderate or high intensity training in athletes, the relationship between physical activity and changes in the intestinal bacteria is still a matter of discussion. In addition, as most studies are performed on males, the role of sexual dimorphism deserves to be explored. Therefore, the aim of this preliminary study was to ascertain the influence of an intensive training and the rat's sex on caecal microbiota composition. For this purpose, female and male 4-week-old Wistar rats were submitted to a 4-week running training program. At the end, caecal samples were collected immediately after performing an exhaustion test to characterize the microbiota composition by 16S rRNA sequencing technique. Parallel groups of female and male sedentary (SED) rats (age matched) were included. The results showed that young female rats had a higher ability to run than males but no sex- or training-associated changes were observed on microbiota diversity and richness indexes among groups. However, the Actinobacteria, Bifidobacteriaceae and Bifidobacterium spp. proportions were significantly higher in male than in female rats when comparing SED groups (p <0.05), whose proportions in males were decreased by the training program (p < 0.05 vs. SED). On the contrary, female SED rats showed a higher proportion of Odoribacteraceae (belonging to Bacteroidetes), Clostridiaceae and Eubacteriaceae (both Firmicutes) than in the respective male group (p < 0.05), although Eubacteriaceae proportion decreased by running (p < 0.05 vs. SED). However, training increased the proportion of the Paraeggerthella genus (Actinobacteria) in female rats with respect to its sedentary counterpart (p < 0.05). Overall, caecal microbiota composition is modified by intensive training in young rats but there are also sex-based differences that should be considered for interventional studies

Epidemiology and spatio‐temporal analysis of West Nile virus in horses in Spain between 2010 and 2016

During the last decade, West Nile virus (WNV) outbreaks have increased sharply in both horses and human in Europe. The aims of this study were to evaluate characteristics and spatio‐temporal distribution of WNV outbreaks in horses in Spain between 2010 and 2016 in order to identify the environmental variables most associated with WNV occurrence and to generate high‐resolution WNV suitability maps to inform risk‐based surveillance strategies in this country. Between August 2010 and November 2016, a total of 403 WNV suspected cases were investigated, of which, 177 (43.9%) were laboratory confirmed. Mean values of morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates were 7.5%, 1.6% and 21.2%, respectively. The most common clinical symptoms were as follows: tiredness/apathy, recumbency, muscular tremor, ataxia, incoordination and hyperaesthesia. The outbreaks confirmed during the last 7 years, with detection of WNV RNA lineage 1 in 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015 and 2016, suggest an endemic circulation of the virus in Spain. The spatio‐temporal distribution of WNV outbreaks in Spain was not homogeneous, as most of them (92.7%) were concentrated in western part of Andalusia (southern Spain) and significant clusters were detected in this region in two non‐consecutive years. These findings were supported by the results of the space–time scan statistics permutation model. A presence‐only MaxEnt ecological niche model was used to generate a suitability map for WNV occurrence in Andalusia. The most important predictors selected by the Ecological Niche Modeling were as follows: mean annual temperature (49.5% contribution), presence of Culex pipiens (19.5% contribution), mean annual precipitation (16.1% contribution) and distance to Ramsar wetlands (14.9% contribution). Our results constitute an important step for understanding WNV emergence and spread in Spain and will provide valuable information for the development of more cost‐effective surveillance and control programmes and improve the protection of horse and human populations in WNV‐endemic areas.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Grado de conocimiento, tratamiento y control de la hipertensión arterial, hipercolesterolemia y diabetes mellitus en la población general adulta

ObjetivosEstimar la prevalencia de los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) tras la confirmación diagnóstica con el criterio clínico. Analizar el grado de su conocimiento y control, y evaluar la asociación de los FRCV entre sí, estimando qué población es susceptible de intervención.DiseñoEstudio observacional, descriptivo,transversal.EmplazamientoEstudio poblacional realizado en el Área de Salud número 20 de la Comunidad Valenciana (comarca de la Vega Baja del río Segura)PacientesPersonas con ≥ 20 años residentes en dicha área. Muestreo aleatorio polietápico proporcional con definición de cuotas muestrales según el tipo de residencia. Tamaño muestral: 2.550 personas (falta de respuesta en la primera fase en el 26%). Segunda fase del estudio: se realiza la confirmación clínica de los 374 casos detectados de hipertensión arterial (HTA), los 126 de hipercolesterolemia (HCOL) y los 33 de diabetes mellitus (DM).MedicionesSe realiza una entrevista a los pacientes detectados para las tomas de presión arterial a los hipertensos y para practicar la extracción sanguínea a hipercolesterolémicos y diabéticos. Se han utilizado los criterios diagnósticos preconizados por los últimos consensos.ResultadosParticipan 1.886 personas (78,1%). Prevalencias halladas: HTA total, 42 ± 2,2%; diagnosticada, 11,7 ± 1,4%; HCOL total, 26,6 ± 2%; DM total, 9,5 ± 1,3%; tabaquismo: 33,6 ± 2,1% y obesidad: 31,6 ± 2,1%. Grado de control: HTA, 8,6%; HCOL, 21,7%; DM, 56,1%. Asociación de FRCV: el 25,5% no presenta hipertensión, hipercolesterolemia ni fuma.ConclusionesElevada prevalencia FRCV en nuestra área frente a los resultados publicados de ámbito nacional. El tabaquismo resulta menos frecuente que en el resto del país. El grado de control es escaso y la asociación de los FRCV principales para cardiopatía isquémica reflejan que cerca del 75% de la población debe ser intervenida.ObjectivesTo calculate the prevalence of the main cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) after diagnostic confirmation using clinical criteria. To analyse the degree of understanding and monitoring of these factors and to evaluate the association of CVRF with each other, so estimating who is susceptible to intervention.DesignCross-sectional, descriptive, observational study.SettingPopulation study conducted in Health Area 20 of the Community of Valencia (county of the Low Plain of the River Segura). Patients. People who had lived in this Area for ³20 years. Proportional, multi-stage randomised sampling with definition of sample quotas according to type of residence. Sample size: 2550 people (no reply in first stage: 26%). The second stage involved the clinical confirmation of those identified as suffering from hypertension (HT) (374), hypercholesterolaemia (HCOL) (126), and diabetes (DM) (33).MeasurementsPatients identified were interviewed for taking blood pressure in the case of those with HT, and blood samples in the case of those with HCOL and DM. The diagnostic criteria recommended by the latest consensus were used.Results1886 people (78.1%) took part. Prevalences found: total HT 42±2.2%, diagnosed: 11.7±1.4; total HCOL 26.6±2%; total DM 9.5±1.3%.Tobacco dependency was 33.6±2.1% and Obesity: 31.6±2.1%. Degree of control: HT, 8.6%; HCOL, 21.7%; DM, 56.1%. Association of CVR factors with each other: 25.5% had neither HT nor HCOL and did not smoke.ConclusionsHigh prevalence of CVRF in our area, compared with published national findings.Tobacco dependency is less common than at national level. The degree of control is very low and the association of the main CVRF factors for ischaemic cardiopathy reflect that nearly 75% of the population requires a preventive intervention

Alteractions in the mucosal immune system by a chronic exhausting exercise in Wistar rats

Exhausting exercise can disturb immune and gastrointestinal functions. Nevertheless, the impact of it on mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue has not been studied in depth. Here, we aim to establish the effects of an intensive training and exhausting exercise on the mucosal immunity of rats and to approach the mechanisms involved. Rats were submitted to a high-intensity training consisting of running in a treadmill 5 days per week for 5 weeks, involving 2 weekly exhaustion tests. At the end, samples were obtained before (T), immediately after (TE) and 24 h after (TE24) an additional final exhaustion test. The training programme reduced the salivary production of immunoglobulin A, impaired the tight junction proteins' gene expression and modified the mesenteric lymph node lymphocyte composition and function, increasing the ratio between Tαβ+ and B lymphocytes, reducing their proliferation capacity and enhancing their interferon-γ secretion. As a consequence of the final exhaustion test, the caecal IgA content increased, while it impaired the gut zonula occludens expression and enhanced the interleukin-2 and interferon-γ secretion. Our results indicate that intensive training for 5 weeks followed or not by an additional exhaustion disrupts the mucosalassociated lymphoid tissue and the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in rats