AISLAMIENTO Y CULTIVO DEL HONGO COMESTIBLE Pleurotus afin ostreatus (jacq. ex Fr) Kumm EN TINGO MARIA

Los hongos comestibles constituyen un gran potencial alimenticio para las regiones de la Amazonía donde abundan en forma natural. Con la finalidad de estudiar la metodología más adecuada del desarrollo de la seta comestible Pleurotus afin ostreatus se realizó un estudio en la región de Tingo María.Inicialmente se estudió el aislamiento y cultivo del hongo a  partir de tejidos y basidiosporas y su identificación; luego se evalué los efectos de medios de cultivos, los de luz y los de temperatura en el desarrollo micelial y de basidiocarpos.Los resultados demostraron que el mayor promedio de  desarrollo micelial se consiguió a partir de aislamiento y cultivo de tejidos del hongo previa desinfección.Por sus características externas e internas o microscópicas se identificó al hongo como Pleurotus afin ostreatus. Mejor desarrollo micelial, mayor formación de basidiocarpos se tuvo mediante el medio de cultivo de trigo autoclavado. Paraefectos de condiciones de luz, mayor desarrollo micelial se consiguió usando el medio de cultivo de trigo autoclavado sometido a oscuridad, mientras que para el desarrollo de basidiocarpos resultó mejor los tratamientos sometidos a luz.Ambos procesos con un rango de temperatura entre 25º a 29º C

Characterization of hemizygous deletions in Citrus using array-Comparative Genomic Hybridization and microsynteny comparisons with the poplar genome

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Many fruit-tree species, including relevant <it>Citrus </it>spp varieties exhibit a reproductive biology that impairs breeding and strongly constrains genetic improvements. In citrus, juvenility increases the generation time while sexual sterility, inbreeding depression and self-incompatibility prevent the production of homozygous cultivars. Genomic technology may provide citrus researchers with a new set of tools to address these various restrictions. In this work, we report a valuable genomics-based protocol for the structural analysis of deletion mutations on an heterozygous background.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Two independent fast neutron mutants of self-incompatible clementine (<it>Citrus clementina </it>Hort. Ex Tan. cv. Clemenules) were the subject of the study. Both mutants, named 39B3 and 39E7, were expected to carry DNA deletions in hemizygous dosage. Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (array-CGH) using a <it>Citrus </it>cDNA microarray allowed the identification of underrepresented genes in these two mutants. Subsequent comparison of citrus deleted genes with annotated plant genomes, especially poplar, made possible to predict the presence of a large deletion in 39B3 of about 700 kb and at least two deletions of approximately 100 and 500 kb in 39E7. The deletion in 39B3 was further characterized by PCR on available <it>Citrus </it>BACs, which helped us to build a partial physical map of the deletion. Among the deleted genes, <it>ClpC</it>-like gene coding for a putative subunit of a multifunctional chloroplastic protease involved in the regulation of chlorophyll <it>b </it>synthesis was directly related to the mutated phenotype since the mutant showed a reduced chlorophyll <it>a</it>/<it>b </it>ratio in green tissues.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In this work, we report the use of array-CGH for the successful identification of genes included in a hemizygous deletion induced by fast neutron irradiation on <it>Citrus clementina</it>. The study of gene content and order into the 39B3 deletion also led to the unexpected conclusion that microsynteny and local gene colinearity in this species were higher with <it>Populus trichocarpa </it>than with the phylogenetically closer <it>Arabidopsis thaliana</it>. This work corroborates the potential of <it>Citrus </it>genomic resources to assist mutagenesis-based approaches for functional genetics, structural studies and comparative genomics, and hence to facilitate citrus variety improvement.</p

Net sea-air CO2 flux uncertainties in the Bay of Biscay based on the choice of wind speed products and gas transfer parameterizations

25 páginas, 4 figuras, 1 tablaThe estimation of sea-air CO2 fluxes are largely dependent on wind speed through the gas transfer velocity parameterization. In this paper, we quantify uncertainties in the estimation of the CO2 uptake in the Bay of Biscay resulting from using different sources of wind speed such as three different global reanalysis meteorological models (NCEP/NCAR 1, NCEP/DOE 2 and ERA-Interim), one regional high-resolution forecast model (HIRLAM-AEMet) and QuikSCAT winds, in combination with some of the most widely used gas transfer velocity parameterizations. Results show that net CO2 flux estimations during an entire seasonal cycle may differ up to 240% depending on the wind speed product and the gas exchange parameterization. The comparison of satellite and model derived winds with observations at buoys advises against the systematic overestimation of NCEP-2 and the underestimation of NCEP-1. In this region, QuikSCAT has the best performing, although ERA-Interim becomes the best choice in areas near the coastline or when the time resolution is the constraint.This work was developed and funded by the ECO project (MCyT REN2002-00503/MAR) and EU FP7 project CARBOCHANGE “Changes 5 in carbon uptake and emissions by oceans in a changing climate” under agreement no. 264879Peer reviewe

A clustering-based method for single-channel fetal heart rate monitoring

Non-invasive fetal electrocardiography (ECG) is based on the acquisition of signals from abdominal surface electrodes. The composite abdominal signal consists of the maternal electrocardiogram along with the fetal electrocardiogram and other electrical interferences. These recordings allow for the acquisition of valuable and reliable information that helps ensure fetal well-being during pregnancy. This paper introduces a procedure for fetal heart rate extraction from a single-channel abdominal ECG signal. The procedure is composed of three main stages: a method based on wavelet for signal denoising, a new clustering-based methodology for detecting fetal QRS complexes, and a final stage to correct false positives and false negatives. The novelty of the procedure thus relies on using clustering techniques to classify singularities from the abdominal ECG into three types: maternal QRS complexes, fetal QRS complexes, and noise. The amplitude and time distance of all the local maxima followed by a local minimum were selected as features for the clustering classification. A wide set of real abdominal ECG recordings from two different databases, providing a large range of different characteristics, was used to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method. The accuracy achieved shows that the proposed technique exhibits a competitve performance when compared to other recent works in the literature and a better performance over threshold-based techniques.This work has been partially funded by Banco Santander and Centro Mixto UGR-MADOC through project SIMMA (code 2/16). The contribution of Antonio García has been partially funded by Spain's Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (Programa Estatal de Promoción del Talento y su Empleabilidad en I+D+i, Subprograma Estatal de Movilidad, within Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013-2016) under a "Salvador de Madariaga" grant (PRX17/00287)

Aislamiento, propagación y crecimiento de hongos comestibles nativos en residuos agroindustriales

La investigación tuvo como objetivo aislar el micelio secundario de Auricularia spp y Pleurotus spp procedente de tres áreas naturales de la región San Martín, así como evaluar el crecimiento en medio agar papa dextrosa y en sustratos estériles a base de residuos agroindustriales. Se obtuvieron 10 aislamientos de micelios secundarios a través de carpóforos desinfectados de Pleurotus spp y otros 10 aislamientos de carpóforos desinfectados de Auricularia spp. La mayor velocidad de crecimiento en Auricularia spp fue de 62,5 µm h-1 (A1) y de 75 µm h-1 (B10) para Pleurotus spp. En una segunda parte del experimento se produjo semilla de las cepas nativas más veloces en granos de maíz esterilizado durante un periodo de incubación de 40 días. La semilla fue inoculada en sustratos estériles a base de residuos agroindustriales. Las cepas A1 de Auricularia spp y B10 de Pleurotus spp desarrollaron mejor en sustrato a base de residuos de pulpa de café, logrando una eficiencia biológica de 30,33% y 18,20%, respectivamente. Se concluye que las cepas nativas A1 y B10 de hongos comestibles pueden ser utilizadas en la propagación de semilla y producción de hongos comestibles, brindando al agricultor una alternativa complementaria de alto valor nutritivo

The cadherin–catenin complex in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Abnormal Wnt signaling and impaired cell–cell adhesion due to abnormal E-cadherin and b-catenin func tion have been implicated in many cancers, but have not been fully explored in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The aim of this study was to analyze b-Catenin cellular location and E-cadherin expression levels in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. E-cadherin expression levels were also correlated with clinical data and underlying pathology. b-Catenin and E-cadherin expression were examined in 18 nasopharyn geal carcinoma and 7 non-tumoral inflammatory pharynx tissues using immunohistochemical methods. Patient clin ical data were collected, and histological evaluation was performed by hematoxylin/eosin staining. b-catenin was detected in membrane and cytoplasm in all cases of naso pharyngeal carcinoma, regardless of histological type; in non-tumoral tissues, however, b-catenin was observed only in the membrane. As for E-cadherin expression levels, strong staining was observed in most non-tumoral tissues, but staining was only moderate in nasopharyngeal carci noma tissues. E-cadherin expression was associated with b-catenin localization, study group, metastatic disease, and patient outcomes. Reduced levels of E-cadherin protein observed in nasopharyngeal carinoma may play an important role in invasion and metastasis. Cytoplasmic b-catenin in nasopharyngeal carcinoma may impair cell– cell adhesion, promoting invasive behavior and a metastatic tumor phenotype

Anthropogenic and natural CO2 exchange through the Strait of Gibraltar

The exchange of both anthropogenic and natural inorganic carbon between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea through Strait of Gibraltar was studied for a period of two years under the frame of the CARBOOCEAN project. A comprehensive sampling program was conducted, which was design to collect samples at eight fixed stations located in the Strait in successive cruises periodically distributed through the year in order to ensure a good spatial and temporal coverage. As a result of this monitoring, time series namely GIFT (GIbraltar Fixed Time series) has been established, allowing the generation of an extensive data set of the carbon system parameters in the area. Data acquired during the development of nine campaigns were analyzed in this work. Total inorganic carbon concentration (CT ) was calculated from alkalinity-pHT pairs and appropriate thermodynamic relationships, with the concentration of anthropogenic carbon (CANT) being also computed using two methods, the 1C* and the TrOCA approach. Applying a two-layer model of water mass exchange through the Strait and using a value of −0.85 Sv for the average transport of the outflowing Mediterranean water recorded in situ during the considered period, a net export of inorganic carbon from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic was obtained, which amounted to 25±0.6 TgC yr−1. A net alkalinity output of 16±0.6 TgC yr−1 was also observed to occur through the Strait. In contrast, the Atlantic water was found to contain a higher concentration of anthropogenic carbon than the Mediterranean water, resulting in a net flux of CANT towards the Mediterranean basin of 4.20±0.04 TgC yr−1 by using the 1C* method, which constituted the most adequate approach for this environment. A carbon balance in the Mediterranean was assessed and fluxes through the Strait are discussed in relation to the highly diverse estimates available in the literature for the area and the different approaches considered for CANT estimation. This work unequivocally confirms the relevant role of the Strait of Gibraltar as a controlling point for the biogeochemical exchanges occurring between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean and emphasizes the influence of the Mediterranean basin in the carbon inventories of the North Atlantic.Peer reviewe

USE OF MORINGA SEED (Moringa oleifera Lam.) AS A BIOCOAGULANT TO IMPROVE SURFACE WATER QUALITY

Using Moringa oleifera (Moringa oleifera Lam.) seed as a biocoagulant to enhance surface water's physical and chemical quality was the goal of this study. The methodology applied for the generation of experimental data was through the use of the Jar Test equipment, in a dose of 40 mg/L to 140 mg/L, then a fast mixing of 100 rpm for 1 minute and a slow mixing of 40 rpm for 10 minutes was performed, and sedimentation was left for 5 to 30 minutes, with 5 minutes intervals between each dose. The results show that an optimal biocoagulant dose of 100 mg/L at 20 minutes produced a turbidity reduction effectiveness of 97.06%. Hardness fell by 12% of its starting value, conductivity and total dissolved solids increased dramatically, and there was a 92.3% reduction in perceived colour, which showed that the use of Moringa seeds as a coagulant had a favourable effect on reducing the concentration of turbidity and colour. Because of this, Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) can be used as a natural source to purify drinking water. The Tukey HSD test applied to the turbidity removal percentages, indicates that the means are not significantly different. However, the experimental evaluation indicates that after 20 minutes, the best results are obtained

Biological behavior of familial papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: Spanish multicenter study

Purpose Familial papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (FPTMC) can present a more aggressive behavior than the sporadic microcarcinoma. However, few studies have analyzed this situation. The objective is to analyze the recurrence rate of FPTMC and the prognostic factors which determine that recurrence in Spain. Methods Spanish multicenter longitudinal analytical observational study was conducted. Patients with FPTMC received treatment with curative intent and presented cure criteria 6 months after treatment. Recurrence rate and disease-free survival (DFS) were analyzed. Two groups were analyzed: group A (no tumor recurrence) vs. group B (tumor recurrence). Results Ninety-four patients were analyzed. During a mean follow-up of 73.3 +/- 59.3 months, 13 recurrences of FPTMC (13.83%) were detected and mean DFS was 207.9 +/- 11.5 months. There were multifocality in 56%, bilateral thyroid involvement in 30%, and vascular invasion in 7.5%; that is to say, they are tumors with histological factors of poor prognosis in a high percentage of cases. The main risk factors for recurrence obtained in the multivariate analysis were the tumor size (OR: 2.574, 95% CI 1.210-5.473; p = 0.014) and the assessment of the risk of recurrence of the American Thyroid Association (ATA), both intermediate risk versus low risk (OR: 125, 95% CI 10.638-1000; p < 0.001) and high risk versus low risk (OR: 45.454, 95% CI 5.405-333.333; p < 0.001). Conclusion FPTMC has a recurrence rate higher than sporadic cases. Poor prognosis is mainly associated with the tumor size and the risk of recurrence of the ATA