Effects of european emissions trading system application to non EU airlines.

The European Union requires the application of an Emission Trading System (ETS) to all the flights arriving to or departing from EU airports beginning on 1 st of January 2012, according to the rules published in the Directive 2008/101/EC. Although actual emissions trading will take place in 2012 and on, part of the regulation started to be applicable in January 2010, in order to gather airline data that will be used for distribution of free emissions permits and for establishing the number of permits to be auctioned. EU carriers will have almost every flight included in the ETS, but non EU airlines participation will be limited to flights touching one EU airport, representing a relatively small part of their route system. However they are subject to the same administrative requirements, being obliged to submit Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) procedures to the EU Authority corresponding to the country with the most emissions from that carrier. This paper explores some of the most likely consequences for non EU carriers, coming from the entry into force of the ETS, both during 2010 and after 1 st of January 2012, when the system will start to be applicable. These effects may be classified in six categories: - strategies to obtain the maximum number of free permits in the first distribution, to be made on 2010 traffic basis - participation in the CO2 auctioning or other carbon markets elements, as a way to obtain additional permits when needed - other Kyoto Protocol tools for achieving additional permits (Joint Implementation, Clean Development Mechanisms) - fuel savings policies to minimise the number of permits needed since 2012 - new schemes for route evaluation, considering the repercussions of ETS - general planning (fleet and network) including carbon accounting As a conclusion it is shown that ETS application will have some unavoidable economic penalties and a non desirable administrative burden but, may offer a number of possibilities for minimising the negative effects of those measures and obtaining competitive advantages if airlines take early measures and elaborate the planning tools with enough anticipation

The Minimum Food Security Quota (MFS-Quota) in Food Security Policy Modelling

This paper proposes the construction of the Minimum Food Security Quota (MFSQuota)using mathematical economic modelling in real time. The MFS-Quota fixes a certain amount of annual food storage to prepare a country for any natural or social disasters. Any country can construct its own MFS-Quota for “food security policy”.- econographicology, food security, economic development

A New Multi-Dimensional Framework for Analyzing Regional Integration: Regional Integration Evaluation (RIE) Methodology

Theories of regional integration typically analyze the regional integration process from the perspective of a single discipline, usually economics. However, such one-dimensional analytical frameworks cannot fully capture the richness and complexity of the inherently multi-dimensional regional integration process. To address the problem, we propose the regional integration evaluation (RIE) methodology which is based on four dimensions of development – economic, political, social and technological. The central idea behind the RIE methodology is that regional development promotes regional integration. Our RIE methodology differs from the existing literature in that it is based on a more comprehensive definition of development than just economic development. Our definition of a region's development incorporates the development levels of all regional countries as well as differences in development levels among regional countries. We apply the RIE methodology to assess the regional development and hence integration prospects of NAFTA, ASEAN, MERCOSUR and EU.Economic integration; economic modeling; NAFTA; ASEAN; MERCOSUR; EU

Arqueología de una casa del renacimiento en Toledo

El artículo muestra los resultados de una inteilencidn arqueolcígic<t en un edificio clel siglo XVI en Toledo. Dicha intervención ha permitido conocer alguna de ILis cclracterístic<ts cle ht arqLiitectur1 civil poptilttr del período renacentista. El trabajo se ha centrado en el diseño estructural. el tipo (le obra y los elementos ornamentales empleados. Además, el análisis contrasta los datos históricos sobre la eVohición urbanística (le la ciudad con las diferentes fases constructivas del mismo. Aunque la cLIS~I es de nueva planta. resulta interesante documentar el uso de estructuras o trazados constrictivos más antiguos como complemento a la nueva eclificación, práctica habitual en la ciudad de Toledo

Stability Analysis of Hybrid Jump Linear Systems With Markov Inputs

In the past two decades, the number of applications that make use of supervisory algorithms to control complex continuous-time or discrete-time systems has increased steadily. Typical examples include air traffic management, digital control systems over networks, and flexible manufacturing systems. A common feature of these applications is the intermixing of the continuous dynamics of the controlled plant with the logical and discrete dynamics of the supervising algorithms. These so-called hybrid systems are the focus of much ongoing research. To improve the performance of these systems, it is important to analyze the interactions between the supervising algorithms and the plant. Few papers have studied this interaction when the plant is represented by a discrete-time system. Thus, this dissertation fixes this deficiency by addressing the following three main objectives: to introduce a new modeling framework for discrete-time stochastic hybrid systems suitable for stability analysis; to derive testable stability conditions for these models; and to demonstrate that these models are suitable to study real-world applications. To achieve the first objective, the Hybrid Jump Linear System model is introduced. Although it has many of the same modeling capabilities as other formalisms in the literature (e.g., Discrete Stochastic Hybrid Automata), it possesses the unique advantage of representing the dynamics of both the controlled plant and the supervising algorithm in the same analytical framework: stochastic difference equations. This enables the study of their joint properties such as, for example, mean square stability. The second objective is addressed by developing a collection of testable sufficient mean square stability conditions. These tests are developed by applying, successively, switched systems\u27 techniques, singular value analysis, a second moment lifting technique, and Mark off kernel methods. The final objective is achieved by developing a hybrid jump linear system model of an AFTI-F16 flight controller deployed on a fault tolerant computer with rollback and cold-restart capabilities, and analyzing its stability properties

El flujo de conciencia atemporal tras la medida de una media

On the powerful consciousness, analyzed by the Erich Auerbach in his work Mimesis, in the book To the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf

Las humanidades no tienen por qué ser bastión de la anticiencia

Reflection about the antiscience discourse in the humanities and the interdisciplinarity as response to the rejection of the scienc