Simple_PLUS: una red de relaciones léxico-semánticas

Este artículo trata de la base de datos léxico-semántica del italiano, Simple_PLUS, y particularmente de su núcleo central: la red de relaciones léxico-semánticas. Este recurso lexical tiene como base Parole-Simple-Clips, un léxico electrónico con cuatro niveles de descripción, elaborado según el modelo SIMPLE. Simple_PLUS se compone de 30.000 entradas semánticas, sean importadas del léxico fuente, sean recién creadas, todas dotadas de un amplio conjunto de información proporcionado por el modelo subyacente. En Simple_PLUS, aquella representación semántica fue enriquecida con una información relacional esencial, en un proceso semiautomático. Mas de 5.000 lazos que relacionan los eventos con sus participantes y los co-participantes entre sí ─ vínculos que no podían ser descritos antes por falta de medios de representación adecuados ─ fueron codificados mediante un vocabulario descriptivo apropiado, que fue prestado del modelo EuroWordNet. Estos lazos conceptuales, que enriquecen la representación predicativa del léxico, aportan un conocimiento lexical imprescindible para las tareas de PLN y la Web semántica.The present article deals with the Italian lexical-semantic database Simple_PLUS and focuses on its essential core, i.e. the network of lexical semantic relations. This lexical resource builds on Parole-Simple-Clips, a four-layered electronic lexicon of Italian, founded on the SIMPLE model. Simple_PLUS consists of 30,000 semantic entries, partly imported from the source lexicon and partly newly created, but all encoding a wide-ranging set of information provided by the underpinning model. In Simple_PLUS, this semantic representation has been enriched with significant relational information, in a largely automated, inexpensive process. More than 5,000 relationships between events and their participants and among co-participants in events, links which were not capturable previously through lack of suitable representational means, have been encoded with the appropriate descriptive vocabulary borrowed from the EuroWordNet lexical model. Such conceptual links, which efficiently enhance the predicative representation in the lexicon, provide crucial lexical knowledge for NLP systems and for the Semantic Web

Abelian categories of Artin \'etale Motives with integral coefficients

We study the motivic t-structure on the category $\mathcal{DM}^A_{\acute{e}t,c}(S,\mathbb{Z})$ of constructible Artin \'etale motives over a base scheme $S$. We first show how smooth Artin motives are related to Artin representations of the \'etale fundamental group of $S$ when $S$ is regular. We then construct an ordinary motivic t-structure, and show that if $S$ allows resolutions of singularities by alteration, the $\ell$-adic realization functor is t-exact. Finally, we show that the perverse homotopy t-structure is the best possible approximation of a perverse motivic t-structure on the category of Artin motives, that it is well defined when the ring of coefficients is $\mathbb{Q}$ or when $S$ is of dimension $3$ or less and show that it cannot exist when $S=\mathbb{A}^4_k$ with $k$ a field. If $S$ is of dimension $2$ or less, we prove an analog of the affine Lefschetz theorem and we prove that the $\ell$-adic realization functor is t-exact and it is not t-exact when $S=\mathbb{A}^3_k$. When $S$ is of finite type over $\mathbb{F}_p$, and with rational coefficients, the $\ell$-adic realization functor is t-exact when we restrict its codomain to the category of Artin $\ell$-adic sheaves endowed with its perverse homotopy t-structure. We describe the category of perverse Artin \'etale motives $M^A_{perv}(S,\mathbb{Z})$, which is the heart of the perverse homotopy t-structure. This description can be formulated purely in terms of representations of \'etale fundamental groups of regular locally closed subschemes of $S$ in the case when $S$ is $1$-dimensional; we describe the $\ell$-adic realization in this case. In addition, the category $M^A_{perv}(S,\mathbb{Q})$ has nice properties: its objects are of finite length and we can describe its simple objects. For instance, the motive $\mathbb{E}_S$ of Ayoub-Zucker is a simple Artin perverse sheaf.Comment: 83 pages, comments welcom

Simple_PLUS: a network of lexical semantic relations Simple_PLUS: una red de relaciones l?xico-sem?nticas

The present article deals with the Italian lexical-semantic database Simple_PLUS and focuses on its essential core, i.e. the network of lexical semantic relations. This lexical resource builds on Parole-Simple-Clips, a four-layered electronic lexicon of Italian, founded on the SIMPLE model. Simple_PLUS consists of 30,000 semantic entries, partly imported from the source lexicon and partly newly created, but all encoding a wide-ranging set of information provided by the underpinning model. In Simple_PLUS, this semantic representation has been enriched with significant relational information, in a largely automated, inexpensive process. More than 5,000 relationships between events and their participants and among co-participants in events, links which were not capturable previously through lack of suitable representational means, have been encoded with the appropriate descriptive vocabulary borrowed from the EuroWordNet lexical model. Such conceptual links, which efficiently enhance the predicative representation in the lexicon, provide crucial lexical knowledge for NLP systems and for the Semantic Web.Este art?culo trata de la base de datos l?xico-sem?ntica del italiano, Simple_PLUS, y particularmente de su n?cleo central : la red de relaciones l?xico-sem?nticas. Este recurso lexical tiene como base Parole-Simple-Clips, un l?xico electr?nico con cuatro niveles de descripci?n, elaborado seg?n el modelo SIMPLE. Simple_PLUS se compone de 30.000 entradas sem?nticas, sean importadas del l?xico fuente, sean reci?n creadas, todas dotadas de un amplio conjunto de informaci?n proporcionado por el modelo subyacente. En Simple_PLUS, aquella representaci?n sem?ntica fue enriquecida con una informaci?n relacional esencial, en un proceso semiautom?tico. Mas de 5.000 lazos que relacionan los eventos con sus participantes y los co-participantes entre s? ─ v?nculos que no pod?an ser descritos antes por falta de medios de representaci?n adecuados ─ fueron codificados mediante un vocabulario descriptivo apropiado, que fue prestado del modelo EuroWordNet. Estos lazos conceptuales, que enriquecen la representaci?n predicativa del l?xico, aportan un conocimiento lexical imprescindible para las tareas de PLN y la Web sem?ntica

Mapping Events and Abstract Entities from PAROLE-SIMPLE-CLIPS to ItalWordNet

In the few last years, due to the increasing importance of the web, both computational tools and resources need to be more and more visible and easily accessible to a vast community of scholars, students and researchers. Furthermore, high quality lexical resources are crucially required for a wide range of HLT-NLP applications, among which word sense disambiguation. Vast and consistent electronic lexical resources do exist which can be further enhanced and enriched through their linking and integration. An ILC project dealing with the link of two large lexical semantic resources for the Italian language, namely ItalWordNet and PAROLE-SIMPLE-CLIPS, fits this trend. Concrete entities were already linked and this paper addresses the semi-automatic mapping of events and abstract entities. The lexical models of the two resources, the mapping strategy and the tool that was implemented to this aim are briefly outlined. Special focus is put on the results of the linking process: figures are reported and examples are given which illustrate both the linking and harmonization of the resources but also cases of discrepancies, mainly due to the different underlying semantic models

More semantic links in the SIMPLE-CLIPS database

Notwithstanding its acknowledged richness, the SIMPLE semantic model does not offer the representational vocabulary for encoding some conceptual links holding between events and their participants and among co-participants in events. Although critical for boosting performance in many NLP application tasks, such deep lexical information is therefore only partially encoded in the SIMPLE-CLIPS Italian semantic database. This paper reports on the enrichment of the SIMPLE relation set by some expressive means, namely semantic relations, borrowed from the EuroWordNet model and their implementation in the SIMPLE-CLIPS lexicon. The original situation existing in the database, as to the expression of this type of information is described and the loan descriptive vocabulary presented. Strategies based on the exploitation of the source lexicon data were adopted to induce new information: a wide range of semantic - but also syntactic - information was investigated for singling out word senses candidate to be linked by the new relations. The lexicon enrichment by 5,000 new relations instantiated so far has therefore been carried out as a largely automated, low-effort and cost-free process, with no heavy human intervention. The redundancy set off by such an extension of information is being addressed by the implementation of inheritance in the SIMPLE-CLIPS database (Del Gratta et al., 2008)

Linking and Integrating two Electronic Lexicons

Lexicography, much attention is being paid, when building lexical resources, to their interoperability and their easy integration in HLT-NLP applications for an enhanced performance. Concerning already existing computational lexicons, on the other hand, their integration and interoperability is attainable, provided their main features offer a field of comparison. The two largest and extensively encoded electronic lexicons of Italian language fulfill this essential requirement. Although developed according to two different lexical models, ItalWordNet and PAROLE-SIMPLE-CLIPS present in fact many compatible aspects. Linking and eventually merging these lexical resources in a common representation framework seems therefore a wise move to offer the end-user a more exhaustive and in-depth lexical information combining the potentialities and most outstanding features offered by the two lexical models. This paper reports on the ongoing linking of the two lexicons. The mapping of the ontologies on which basis the lexicons are structured is described; an overview of the adopted methodology, of the linking process and of the results of the first mapping phase regarding 1stOrder Entities is provided. Reciprocal benefits and enhancements for the two resources are also illustrated that definitely justify the soundness of our linking initiative

TimeML: An ontological mapping onto UIMA Type Systems

We present TeR, an UIMA Type System (Ferrucci and Lally, 2004) for event recognition, for temporal annotation in an Italian corpus. We map each TIMEML category (Pustejovsky et al., 2006) to one or more semantic types as they have been defined in the SIMPLE-CLIPS ontology (Ruimy et al., 2003). This mapping presents some advantages, such as the orthogonal inheritance that an event can acquire when derived from the ontology and a clearer definition of semantic roles when carried out by events. The mapping is implemented by means of a FINITE STATE AUTOMATON which uses semantic information collected from the SIMPLE-CLIPS ontology to analyze natural language texts

Rumen cellulosomics : divergent fiber-degrading strategies revealed by comparative genome-wide analysis of six ruminococcal strains

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