37 research outputs found
Estudo de regionalização de vazões médias na região do Médio Uruguai.
No Brasil ainda existem regiões onde os dados hidrológicos básicos são reduzidos ou inexistentes, devido aos elevados custos de implantação, operação e manutenção de uma rede hidrométrica, principalmente em grandes bacias. Além disso, muitos postos hidrológicos com poucos anos de dados não retratam necessariamente uma amostra representativa.bitstream/item/17808/1/cnptiacirc04.pd
Vibrational Excitations in Weakly Coupled Single-Molecule Junctions: A Computational Analysis
In bulk systems, molecules are routinely identified by their vibrational
spectrum using Raman or infrared spectroscopy. In recent years, vibrational
excitation lines have been observed in low-temperature conductance measurements
on single molecule junctions and they can provide a similar means of
identification. We present a method to efficiently calculate these excitation
lines in weakly coupled, gateable single-molecule junctions, using a
combination of ab initio density functional theory and rate equations. Our
method takes transitions from excited to excited vibrational state into account
by evaluating the Franck-Condon factors for an arbitrary number of vibrational
quanta, and is therefore able to predict qualitatively different behaviour from
calculations limited to transitions from ground state to excited vibrational
state. We find that the vibrational spectrum is sensitive to the molecular
contact geometry and the charge state, and that it is generally necessary to
take more than one vibrational quantum into account. Quantitative comparison to
previously reported measurements on pi-conjugated molecules reveals that our
method is able to characterize the vibrational excitations and can be used to
identify single molecules in a junction. The method is computationally feasible
on commodity hardware.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figure
Toward continental hydrologic–hydrodynamic modeling in South America
Providing reliable estimates of streamflow and hydrological fluxes is a major
challenge for water resources management over national and transnational
basins in South America. Global hydrological models and land surface models
are a possible solution to simulate the terrestrial water cycle at the
continental scale, but issues about parameterization and limitations in
representing lowland river systems can place constraints on these models to
meet local needs. In an attempt to overcome such limitations, we extended a
regional, fully coupled hydrologic–hydrodynamic model (MGB; Modelo hidrológico de Grandes Bacias) to the
continental domain of South America and assessed its performance using daily
river discharge, water levels from independent sources (in situ, satellite
altimetry), estimates of terrestrial water storage (TWS) and
evapotranspiration (ET) from remote sensing and other available global
datasets. In addition, river discharge was compared with outputs from
global models acquired through the eartH2Observe project (HTESSEL/CaMa-Flood,
LISFLOOD and WaterGAP3), providing the first cross-scale assessment
(regional/continental  ×  global models) that makes use of spatially
distributed, daily discharge data. A satisfactory representation of
discharge and water levels was obtained (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, NSE > 0.6 in 55 %
of the cases) and the continental model was able to capture patterns of
seasonality and magnitude of TWS and ET, especially over the largest basins of
South America. After the comparison with global models, we found that it is
possible to obtain considerable improvement on daily river discharge, even by
using current global forcing data, just by combining parameterization and
better routing physics based on regional experience. Issues about the potential
sources of errors related to both global- and continental-scale modeling are
discussed, as well as future directions for improving large-scale model
applications in this continent. We hope that our study provides important
insights to reduce the gap between global and regional hydrological modeling
communities.</p
Análise da evapotranspiração por wavelet de Morlet em área de Vochysia divergens Pohl no Pantanal
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Effects of conversion of native cerrado vegetation to pasture on soil hydro-physical properties, evapotranspiration and streamflow on the Amazonian agricultural frontier
Understanding the impacts of land-use change on landscape-hydrological dynamics is one of the main challenges in the Northern Brazilian Cerrado biome, where the Amazon agricultural frontier is located. Motivated by the gap in literature assessing these impacts, we characterized the soil hydro-physical properties and quantified surface water fluxes from catchments under contrasting land-use in this region. We used data from field measurements in two headwater micro-catchments with similar physical characteristics and different land use, i.e. cerrado sensu stricto vegetation and pasture for extensive cattle ranching. We determined hydraulic and physical properties of the soils, applied ground-based remote sensing techniques to estimate evapotranspiration, and monitored streamflow from October 2012 to September 2014. Our results show significant differences in soil hydro-physical properties between the catchments, with greater bulk density and smaller total porosity in the pasture catchment. We found that evapotranspiration is smaller in the pasture (639 ± 31% mm yr-1) than in the cerrado catchment (1,004 ± 24% mm yr-1), and that streamflow from the pasture catchment is greater with runoff coefficients of 0.40 for the pasture and 0.27 for the cerrado catchment. Overall, our results confirm that conversion of cerrado vegetation to pasture causes soil hydro-physical properties deterioration, reduction in evapotranspiration reduction, and increased streamflow
Evapotranspiração real em bacia hidrográfica do Nordeste brasileiro por meio do SEBAL e produtos MODIS
Electronic state spectroscopy by high-resolution vacuum ultraviolet photoabsorption, He(I) photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations of ethyl acetate
Abstract: The high-resolution vacuum ultraviolet photoabsorption spectrum of ethyl acetate,C4H8O2, is presented over the energy range 4.5−10.7 eV (275.5−116.0 nm). Valence and Rydberg transitionsand their associated vibronic series observed in the photoabsorption spectrum, have beenassigned in accordance with new ab initio calculations of the vertical excitation energiesand oscillator strengths. Also, the photoabsorption cross sections have been used tocalculate the photolysis lifetime of this ester in the upper stratosphere(20−50 km). Calculationshave also been carried out to determine the ionisation energies and fine structure of thelowest ionic state of ethyl acetate and are compared with a newly recorded photoelectronspectrum (from 9.5 to 16.7 eV). Vibrational structure is observed in the firstphotoelectron band of this molecule for the first time
Assessment of the MODIS global evapotranspiration algorithm using eddy covariance measurements and hydrological modelling in the Rio Grande basin
Remote sensing is considered the most effective tool for estimating evapotranspiration (ET) over large spatial scales. Global terrestrial ET estimates over vegetated land surfaces are now operationally produced at 1-km spatial resolution using data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the MOD16 algorithm. To evaluate the accuracy of this product, ground-based measurements of energy fluxes obtained from eddy covariance sites installed in tropical biomes and from a hydrological model (MGB-IPH) were used to validate MOD16 products at local and regional scales. We examined the accuracy of the MOD16 algorithm at two sites in the Rio Grande basin, Brazil, one characterized by a sugar-cane plantation (USE), the other covered by natural savannah vegetation (PDG) for the year 2001. Inter-comparison between 8-day average MOD16 ET estimates and flux tower measurements yielded correlations of 0.78 to 0.81, with root mean square errors (RMSE) of 0.78 and 0.46 mm d-1, at PDG and USE, respectively. At the PDG site, the annual ET estimate derived by the MOD16 algorithm was 19% higher than the measured amount. For the average annual ET at the basin-wide scale (over an area of 145 000 km2), MOD16 estimates were 21% lower than those from the hydrological model MGB-IPH. Misclassification of land use and land cover was identified as the largest contributor to the error from the MOD16 algorithm. These estimates improve significantly when results are integrated into monthly or annual time intervals, suggesting that the algorithm has a potential for spatial and temporal monitoring of the ET process, continuously and systematically, through the use of remote sensing data
Derivation of consistent, continuous daily river temperature data series by combining remote sensing and water temperature models
Scarcity of water temperature data in rivers may limit a diversity of studies considering this property, which regulates many physical, chemical, and biological processes. We present a robust method to generate a consistent, continuous daily river water temperature (RWT) data series for medium and large rivers using the combined techniques of remote sensing and water temperature modelling. In order to validate our approach, we divided this study into two parts: (i) we evaluated methods to derive RWT from Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 TIRS imagery; and (ii) we evaluated the calibration and validation of river temperature models, using these data, to generate the continuous RWT data series. A 1.2 km section of the White River located near Hazleton, IN, USA, was selected to assess this method mainly due to river width and data availability. We tested three methods to retrieve RWT from Landsat 7 and four from Landsat 8, and we also applied a simple thermal sharpening technique. For Landsat 7, the methods showed bias and RMSE of 0.01-0.46 degrees C and 1.32-1.84 degrees C, while for Landsat 8, the methods showed bias and RMSE of 0.08-1.27 degrees C and 1.74-2.17 degrees C, and in both cases, the best results were found applying the radiative transfer equation with NASA's Atmospheric Correction Parameter Calculator. For the second part of the validation process, we compared a stochastic model and a hybrid model, air2stream, using as input two datasets: the RWT data derived from Landsat 7 only, and a combined dataset of both Landsat 7 and 8 derived RWT. The air2stream model outperformed the stochastic model when calibrated with Landsat 7 data only, with RMSE of 1.83 degrees C, but both models showed similar results when calibrated with the combined Landsat data, when air2stream showed RMSE of 1.58 degrees C. Due to its physical basis, better calibration procedure, and higher consistency, air2stream was considered the best model for deriving the continuous RWT data series. When compared to the measured daily mean RWT data, there was no observed tendency in under or overestimating the RWT in low or high temperature conditions by the modelled series. While further tests are needed in order to evaluate if our approach can be applied to analyse past behaviour and present trends, and the impacts of climate change on the temperature of rivers, the consistent results indicate that this approach has the potential to be applied in rivers with no measured temperature data, for example, in the spatial modelling of longitudinal profiles of rivers and the modelling of tributary river temperatures