67 research outputs found

    L'estimation de la vulnérabilité urbaine, un outil pour la gestion du risque: Approche à partir du cas de l'agglomération lyonnaise

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    The reinforcement of risk management legislation, following the “Bachelot law”, leads approaches based solely on hazard exposure to increase penalties on inhabitants. The obligation to move equipment and public services away from the most exposed neighbourhoods adds to the nuisances due to the sources of danger. An approach based upon vulnerability raises problems of definition of thresholds, which are solved through a multi-variant analysis. Based upon the case of Lyon, the use of automatic classifications is refined in order to obtain a typology of vulnerability of urban clusters. Vulnerability is mapped and superimposed to a hazard map in order to produce a synthetic map of urban risk. It allows shifting focus of the risk management from the most exposed areas, overrated by legislation, to the most vulnerable areas.Le renforcement de la lĂ©gislation sur la gestion du risque, suite Ă  la « loi Bachelot », conduit les approches par la seule exposition aux alĂ©as Ă  aggraver la situation des habitants. L'obligation de dĂ©placer les Ă©quipements et les services publics hors des quartiers les plus exposĂ©s s'ajoute aux nuisances dues aux sources de danger. Une approche par la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© pose des problĂšmes de dĂ©finition des seuils, qui sont rĂ©solus par le recours aux analyses multivariĂ©es. A partir du cas lyonnais, l'utilisation de classifications automatiques est affinĂ©e pour obtenir une typologie de la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© des Ăźlots urbains. La vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© est cartographiĂ©e et superposĂ©e Ă  une carte des alĂ©as pour produire une carte synthĂ©tique du risque urbain. Elle permet de dĂ©placer les prĂ©occupations de la gestion du risque des espaces les plus exposĂ©s, survalorisĂ©s par la lĂ©gislation, aux espaces les plus vulnĂ©rables. The reinforcement of risk management legislation, following the “Bachelot law”, leads approaches based solely on hazard exposure to increase penalties on inhabitants. The obligation to move equipment and public services away from the most exposed neighbourhoods adds to the nuisances due to the sources of danger. An approach based upon vulnerability raises problems of definition of thresholds, which are solved through a multi-variant analysis. Based upon the case of Lyon, the use of automatic classifications is refined in order to obtain a typology of vulnerability of urban clusters. Vulnerability is mapped and superimposed to a hazard map in order to produce a synthetic map of urban risk. It allows shifting focus of the risk management from the most exposed areas, overrated by legislation, to the most vulnerable areas

    Les « résidences fermées » à Bucarest : de « l'entre-soi » à la fragmentation?

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    International audience“Residential complexes” have appeared in Romania in the last decade, after the inauguration of the “French Village” in 1994 in Bucharest. They share as common features the importance given to safety and comfort, as well as a price granting an “among our own kind” of the city elite. The first project has created a chain effect that has increased since 2001-2002 and that leads, according to the space aggregation process, to the creation of two poles of gated communities in the North East of Bucharest. The concentration of these new real estate products is explained by the strive to maximize the asset of site and situation, which underline a significant renewal of the North-South polarization of the capital in the 90s, namely in terms of residential segregation. This organization leads us to question the choice dynamics of the “among our own kind”, the imitation of a foreign elite and conjunction of urban advantages, in as much as it produces a strange paradox: the gate does not separate from unwanted visitors but rather from the neighbour complex. However, the development of the market leads to a diversification of offer, and an incipient hierarchy among gated communities, which leads us to question the role of the gate in its tension between the “living together”, the pursuit of a better life quality and the urban fragmentation.Des « complexes rĂ©sidentiels » sont apparus en Roumanie au cours des derniĂšres annĂ©es, depuis l'inauguration du « Village français » Ă  Bucarest en 1994. Ils ont en commun l'importance accordĂ©e Ă  la sĂ©curitĂ© et au confort, ainsi qu'un prix garantissant un « entre-soi » de l'Ă©lite urbaine. Ce premier projet a eut un effet d'entraĂźnement qui s'est accĂ©lĂ©rĂ© Ă  partir de 2001-2002 et qui a conduit, selon un processus d'agrĂ©gation spatiale, Ă  la constitution de deux pĂŽles de « rĂ©sidences fermĂ©es » dans le Nord Est de la capitale. La concentration de ces nouveaux produits immobiliers s'explique par la recherche d'une maximisation des avantages accordĂ©s par leur site et situation, qui souligne le rejeu de la bipolarisation Nord Sud de la capitale dans les annĂ©es 1990, notamment en terme de sĂ©grĂ©gation rĂ©sidentielle. Cette organisation conduit Ă  interroger le choix de « l'entre-soi », le rĂŽle de l'imitation d'une Ă©lite Ă©trangĂšre et la conjonction des amĂ©nitĂ©s urbaines, parce qu'ils conduisent Ă  une Ă©trange paradoxe : loin de sĂ©parer des indĂ©sirables, les clĂŽtures sĂ©parent du complexe mitoyen. Cependant, le dĂ©veloppement du marchĂ© immobilier conduit Ă  une diversification de l'offre et l'Ă©mergence d'une hiĂ©rarchie entre les « rĂ©sidences fermĂ©es », qui conduit Ă  interroger le rĂŽle de la clĂŽture dans la tension entre le « vivre ensemble », la recherche d'une meilleure qualitĂ© de vie et la fragmentation urbaine

    Bucarest, l'Ă©ternel retour

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    International audienceBucarest est une ville en perpétuelle reconstruction. Au cours des deux derniers siÚcles, deux séries de crises se font écho, traumatisants les tissus et les esprits. Le retour périodique d'invasions et de catastrophes est à la fois l'origine et le prétexte d'un programme de modernisation qui alimente à son tour les destructions pendant un siÚcle et demi. L'urbanisme de Ceausescu est mis sur le banc d'accusation, malgré ses similarités avec les opérations précédentes, à la recherche d'une capitale idéale. AprÚs chaque traumatisme, les traits traditionnels de la ville se redéploient, puis entrent à nouveau en conflit avec une ville fantasmée

    Jouer aux jeux vidéo en France. Géographie sociale d'une pratique culturelle

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    International audiencePlaying videogames in France. Social geography of a cultural practice.—Geographical approaches to leisure and cultural practices are often restricted to sports and outdoor activities. They do not address the micro-scale of individual homes. In our study of the environment and the practice of video gaming in a national population, we aim to shed new light on the spatial analyses of everyday leisure. A survey was conducted in 2012 on a representative sample of the French population aged 11 and over (n = 2,542). It explored the diversity of uses of videogames and contextualized video gaming at the social, cultural, and spatial level. This article shifts the focus from videogames to the players themselves; analyzing gaming as a socially and spatially situated experience. The survey showed that while many inhabitants of France play videogames, their practices are not homogeneous; the diversity in gaming should thus be understood in relation to life cycles and way of dwelling.L'Ă©tude de l'environnement et de la pratique du jeu vidĂ©o dans une population nationale permet de repenser les questions spatiales dans l'analyse des loisirs. L'enquĂȘte Ludespace, rĂ©alisĂ©e par questionnaire en 2012, auprĂšs d'un Ă©chantillon reprĂ©sentatif de la population française de 11 ans et plus (n = 2 542), explore la diversitĂ© des rapports au jeu vidĂ©o et replace ces pratiques dans leur contexte social, spatial et culturel. Il s'agit Ă  la fois de recentrer l'Ă©tude des jeux sur les joueurs et de saisir l'expĂ©rience vidĂ©oludique comme une expĂ©rience situĂ©e socialement et spatialement. L'enquĂȘte montre que si beaucoup de Français jouent aux jeux vidĂ©o, ils ne jouent pas de la mĂȘme maniĂšre, et que les diffĂ©renciations des pratiques se comprennent Ă  l'aune des cycles de vie et des modes d'habiter. Mots clĂ©s : jeux vidĂ©o, pratiques culturelles, mode d'habiter, cycles de vi

    Survey results on preparedness, coordination, and lived experience of first responders in Germany and Romania 2021

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    Pluvial and riverine floods affected many areas worldwide in 2021. To better prepare for future disasters, understanding the areas of emergency and the need for disaster management improvement is necessary. This study analyzes the results of several online surveys amongst professionals and voluntary helpers active in the 2021 flood operations in Germany and Romania. The main findings from 2,333 respondents are about perceptions of motivational aspects and problems experienced in flood operations. Satisfaction with several aspects is lower in Germany, especially provision of information and coordination. Coordination and cooperation with the population are the main problematic areas in Romania. Infrastructure disruptions are a problem in Romania, especially in terms of wastewater disposal, and in Germany in terms of roads and transportation to the affected areas. Preparedness of the population and cooperation challenges are reported for Romania, but less so in Germany. The differences revealed by the survey between Germany and Romania lie not only in the magnitude of the hazard event but also in the organizational structure of disaster response

    Surveying the surveyors to address risk perception and adaptive-behaviour cross-study comparability

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    One of the key challenges for risk, vulnerability and resilience research is how to address the role of risk perceptions and how perceptions influence behaviour. It remains unclear why people fail to act adaptively to reduce future losses, even when there is ever-richer information available on natural and human-made hazards (flood, drought, etc.). The current fragmentation of the field makes it an uphill battle to cross-validate the results of existing independent case studies. This, in turn, hinders comparability and transferability across scales and contexts and hampers recommendations for policy and risk management. To improve the ability of researchers in the field to work together and build cumulative knowledge, we question whether we could agree on (1) a common list of minimal requirements to compare studies, (2) shared criteria to address context-specific aspects of countries and regions, and (3) a selection of questions allowing for comparability and long-term monitoring. To map current research practices and move in this direction, we conducted an international survey – the Risk Perception and Behaviour Survey of Surveyors (Risk-SoS). We find that most studies are exploratory in nature and often overlook theoretical efforts that would enable the comparison of results and an accumulation of evidence. While the diversity of approaches is an asset, the robustness of methods is an investment to be made. Surveyors report a tendency to reproduce past research design choices but express frustration with this trend, hinting at a turning point. To bridge the persistent gaps, we offer several recommendations for future studies, particularly grounding research design in theory; improving the formalisation of methods; and formally comparing theories and constructs, methods, and explanations while collecting the themes and variables most in use

    Liver transplantation

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    Survival after liver transplantation has steadily improved, in part because of newer immunosuppression, which may offer decreased long-term side effects. Reduction of steroids early in the course of transplant continues to be a goal, with satisfactory results in terms of both risk of rejection and reduction of side effects. Dominating the literature and the press in 1999 was the controversy surrounding the way in which livers are allocated. Regulation by the federal government was proposed to change the way the United Network of Organ Sharing distributes and allocates livers. Prompted by the shortage of organs, living-donor liver transplantation has blossomed. Continued experience in pediatric patients has shown excellent survival rate and quality of life. In adults, further experience is being gained with respect to the use of right lobes for transplantation. Early data suggest that this is a potential alternative to cadaveric transplantation in adults, with acceptable risk to the donor. Despite advances made in improving the technical aspects of transplantation, recurrent disease remains a significant issue. Lamivudine appears to be a potent inhibitor of hepatitis B virus DNA replication after liver transplantation, although resistance remains a significant problem. Further review of transplantation for hepatitis C virus is encouraging, with excellent five-year survival rate. However, studies evaluating the evolution of fibrosis in these patients throw caution on those results, showing increased progression to cirrhosis over time. Further follow-up of these patients is needed to more accurately assess long-term impact of hepatitis C on morbidity and mortality rates after liver transplantation. © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc

    Roșia Montană, marges et cyber-activisme environnemental : quand les montagnes roumaines s'invitent au siĂšge des multinationales canadiennes

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    International audienceEnvironmental activism has seized spaces for spontaneous action, experimenting with other ways of inhabiting territories, resisting political and/or economic imperatives. Current research on the role of digital tools in citizen mobilisations is controversially fuelling the notion that the Internet and digital social networks are a new arena allowing the margins to reinvest the centres, giving visibility to actions and discourses under-represented in traditional media. The “Save Roșia Montană” mobilisation is the longest protest since the return of democracy in Romania, against the Canadian multinational Gabriel Resources and its plan to build Europe’s largest open-pit gold mine, which would involve razing part of the village to the ground and using cyanide to extract the metals. Digital tools have played a key role in facilitating a change of scale from the margins to the global coordination of a multitude of targeted local protests and the mobilisation of Canadian activists to take their demands to the multinational’s headquarters in Toronto.El activismo ambiental ha tomado espacios para la acciĂłn espontĂĄnea, experimentando otras formas de habitar los territorios, resistiendo a los mandatos polĂ­ticos y/o a los imperativos econĂłmicos. Lo que alimenta la controvertida idea de que Internet y las redes sociales digitales son un nuevo ruedo que permite a los mĂĄrgenes reinvertir los centros, dando visibilidad a acciones y discursos poco representados en los medios tradicionales. La movilizaciĂłn “Salvemos Roșia Montană” es el movimiento de protesta mĂĄs largo desde el retorno de la democracia en RumanĂ­a, contra la multinacional canadiense Gabriel Resources y su plan de construir la mayor mina de oro a cielo abierto de Europa, lo que implicarĂ­a arrasar parte del pueblo y utilizar cianuro para extraer los metales. Las herramientas digitales han desempeñado un papel clave para facilitar los cambios de escala desde los mĂĄrgenes hasta la coordinaciĂłn global de una multitud de protestas locales especĂ­ficas y la movilizaciĂłn de activistas canadienses para llevar sus demandas hasta la sede de la multinacional en Toronto.L’activisme environnemental s’est emparĂ© d’espaces d’action spontanĂ©e en expĂ©rimentant d’autres façons d’habiter les territoires, de rĂ©sister aux injonctions politiques et/ou aux impĂ©ratifs Ă©conomiques, ce qui alimente la controverse autour d’internet et des rĂ©seaux sociaux numĂ©riques comme nouvelle arĂšne permettant aux marges de rĂ©investir les centres, en donnant de la visibilitĂ© aux actions et aux discours sous-reprĂ©sentĂ©s dans les mĂ©dias traditionnels. « Sauvons Roșia Montană » est la mobilisation la plus longue depuis 1989 en Roumanie, contre la multinationale canadienne Gabriel Resources et son projet de plus grande mine d’or Ă  ciel ouvert d’Europe, impliquant de raser une partie du village et d’utiliser du cyanure pour extraire les mĂ©taux. Les outils numĂ©riques ont jouĂ© un rĂŽle clĂ© en facilitant les changements d’échelle, Ă  partir des marges, jusqu’à la coordination Ă  l’échelle globale d’une multitude de protestations locales ciblĂ©es et une mobilisation des activistes canadiens, pour faire porter les revendications jusqu’au siĂšge social de la multinationale Ă  Toronto

    Pour une analyse sociale et spatiale des représentations du risque

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    International audienceWhile risk perception studies have flourished in an expanded interdisciplinary field since the early works of geographers and psychologists in the 1960s, the wide array of risk perception drivers remain controversial. This paper proposes to shift from location-specific approaches to a space-based framework in order to develop the relationship between risk perception, residential segregation and exposure to hazards. The data is provided by a spatially and socially representative survey (n = 621) carried out in Bucharest, Romania. Bucharest is a medium-size European capital particularly exposed to floods, earthquakes, hazardous activities and pollution. Rapid deindustrialization and the enduring memory of the last major earthquakes provided a good context in which to develop time and space dimensions. Data is used to compare three different models: the aggregate ratings of extreme events, the significance of individual differences, and Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) to place emphasis both on differences between rated phenomena and between respondents. Results are mapped and compared with official risk delineation maps in order to highlight those neighbourhoods where there are considerable disparities between perceived risk and assessed risk. These comparisons establish the relevance of the space-based framework. They are also confirming most classical hypotheses and revealing the systematically strong explanatory power of space. This implies that random sample surveys as well as location-specific studies may have been systematically biased. The strong spatial oppositions in risk perception are explained by residential segregation and the respondents’ environment. Implications for risk perception studies and risk communication are then discussed.Alors que les Ă©tudes de perception et de reprĂ©sentation du risque se sont dĂ©veloppĂ©es en un vaste champ interdisciplinaire depuis le dĂ©but des travaux de gĂ©ographes et des psychologues dans les annĂ©es 1960, l’effet des nombreux facteurs sur la perception du risque reste controversĂ©. Cet article propose de passer d'approches localisĂ©es ponctuelles Ă  une analyse territoriale afin d’explorer la relation entre perception du risque, exposition aux alĂ©as et sĂ©grĂ©gation rĂ©sidentielle. Les analyses reposent sur une enquĂȘte spatialement et socialement reprĂ©sentative (n = 621) Ă  Bucarest, Roumanie. Bucarest est une capitale europĂ©enne particuliĂšrement exposĂ©e aux inondations, sĂ©ismes, accidents industriels et pollutions. La dĂ©sindustrialisation rapide et l’entretien de la mĂ©moire des derniers sĂ©ismes majeurs sont le contexte stimulant idĂ©al pour explorer les dimensions temporelles et territoriales. L’enquĂȘte est utilisĂ©e pour confronter trois diffĂ©rents modĂšles: les Ă©valuations agrĂ©gĂ©es des Ă©vĂ©nements extrĂȘmes, l'importance des diffĂ©rences individuelles, et une analyse des correspondances multiples permettant de mettre l'accent Ă  la fois sur les diffĂ©rences entre les phĂ©nomĂšnes Ă©valuĂ©s entre les personnes interrogĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats sont cartographiĂ©es et comparĂ©es avec des cartes d’exposition aux alĂ©as afin de mettre en Ă©vidence les quartiers oĂč il y a des disparitĂ©s considĂ©rables entre le risque perçu et risque mesurĂ©. Ces comparaisons Ă©tablissent la pertinence d’une analyse territoriale. Les rĂ©sultats valident Ă©galement la plupart des hypothĂšses classiques et rĂ©vĂšlent le fort pouvoir explicatif des variables spatiales. Cela implique que les enquĂȘtes par sondage alĂ©atoire ainsi que les Ă©tudes localisĂ©es ponctuelles peuvent avoir Ă©tĂ© systĂ©matiquement biaisĂ©. Les fortes oppositions territoriales dans les reprĂ©sentations du risque sont expliquĂ©es par la sĂ©grĂ©gation rĂ©sidentielle et l'environnement des rĂ©pondants. Les implications pour les Ă©tudes sur la perception des risques et la communication des risques sont alors discutĂ©es

    Tranziƣie postsocialisă Ɵi vulnerabilitate urbană la BucureƟti

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    Transition periods correspond to a reinforcement of vulnerability for the authors of "The Environment as Hazard". This study tries to verify this assertion in the case of the end of socialism based upon the example of Bucharest. It starts from the assumption that there is an articulation between, on the one hand, the transformations of the “transition” period and, on the other hand, the metropolis as a “crucible” of hazard. Then, it tries to determine whether there was an increase in vulnerability in Bucharest during the last fifteen years. The various dimensions of vulnerability are analyzed according to five successive approaches: historical, epistemological, territorial, through the practices and risk management institutions and lastly risk perception. Through this journey, the study finds two types of results. First, the “transition” period resulted in a convergence of the reinforcement of the various dimensions of vulnerability, which leads in some cases to highly alarming situations. Then, the methods designed lead to two applications that go largely beyond the case of Bucharest: a new approach to vulnerability assessment and a new risk perception framework.Les pĂ©riodes de transition correspondent Ă  des pics de vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© pour les auteurs de The Environment as Hazard. Cette Ă©tude cherche Ă  vĂ©rifier ce constat dans le cas de la sortie du socialisme Ă  partir de l’exemple de Bucarest. Elle part de l’hypothĂšse d’une articulation entre, d’une part, les transformations de la pĂ©riode de « transition », et d’autre part, la mĂ©tropole comme « creuset » du risque. Elle cherche ensuite Ă  savoir si la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© s’est renforcĂ©e Ă  Bucarest au cours des quinze derniĂšres annĂ©es. Les diffĂ©rentes dimensions de la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© sont interrogĂ©es au cours de cinq approches successives : historique, Ă©pistĂ©mologique, territoriale, par les pratiques et les jeux d’acteurs et enfin par les reprĂ©sentations. Ce cheminement dĂ©voile deux types de rĂ©sultats. D’abord, la pĂ©riode de « transition » s’est traduite par une convergence du renforcement des diffĂ©rentes traductions de la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ©. Elle dĂ©bouche sur des situations parfois trĂšs prĂ©occupantes. Ensuite, les outils mis en place conduisent Ă  deux propositions qui dĂ©passent largement la cas de Bucarest : une nouvelle approche de l’estimation de la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© et un nouveau cadre interprĂ©tatif des reprĂ©sentations du risque.Pentru autorii volumului The Environment as Hazard, perioadele de tranziĆŁie corespund unor momente de accentuare a vulnerabilităƣii. Prezenta cercetare Ăźsi propune să verifice această constatare Ăźn cazul perioadei post-socialiste pe baza exemplului Bucurestiului. Cercetarea porneste de la ipoteza că există o articulare Ăźntre, pe de o parte, transformările din perioada de „tranziĆŁie” si, pe de altă parte, metropola ca un „creuzet” al riscului. Apoi, Ăźncearcă să determine dacă vulnerabilitatea s-a accentuat Ăźn Bucuresit Ăźn ultimii cincisprezece ani. Sunt analizate diferitele dimensiuni ale vulnerabilităƃii prin prisma a cinci abordări succesive: istorică, epistemologică, teritorială, prin practicile si organizarea gestionării riscului si, Ăźn fine, prin reprezentări. Prin acest parcurs, cercetarea obƃine două tipuri de rezultate. În primul rĂąnd, perioada de „tranziĆŁie” s-a tradus printr-o convergenƃă a consolidării diferitelor manifestări ale vulnerabilităƣii. Aceasta duce la situaƃii uneori foarte Ăźngrijorătoare. Apoi, instrumentele create generează două propuneri care depăsesc cu mult cazul Bucurestiului: o nouă abordare a estimării vulnerabilităƣii si un nou cadru interpretativ al percepĆŁilor riscului
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