Advances in synchronized XML-media wiki dictionary development in the context of endangered uralic languages

Peer reviewe

Towards an open-source universal-dependency treebank for Erzya

This article describes the first steps towards a open-source dependency tree- bank for Erzya based on universal dependency (UD) annotation standards. The treebank contains 610 sentences with 6661 tokens and is based on texts from a range of open-source and public domain original Erzya sources. This ensures its free availability and extensibility. Texts in the treebank are first morphologically analyzed and disambiguated after which they are annotated manually for depen- dency structure. In the article we present some issues in dependency syntax for Erzya and how they are analyzed in the universal-dependency framework. Pre- liminary statistics are given for dependency parsing of Erzya, along with points of interest for future research.Peer reviewe

Gamma*Gamma* Reactions at High Energies

The total hadronic gamma*gamma* cross sections at high energy are calculated as a function of energy and photon virtuality in a model combining Regge exchange, the quark box diagram (a fixed pole in Regge language) and soft and hard pomeron exchanges evaluated in the context of dipole-dipole scattering. Good agreement is obtained with the data for the real gamma-gamma cross section and for the real photon structure function. However the model prediction for the gamma* gamma* cross section is too small. This is attributed to an incorrect extrapolation of the Q^2 dependence of the hard pomeron adopted here. Parametrising it independently shows that the hard part of the cross section can be well represented by a simple Regge pole with intercept ~ 1.3.Comment: 21 pages, 5 figure

Odd C-P contributions to diffractive processes

We investigate contributions to diffractive scattering, which are odd under C- and P-parity. Comparison of p-$\bar p$ and p-p scattering indicates that these odderon contributions are very small and we show how a diquark clustering in the proton can explain this effect. A good probe for the odderon exchange is the photo- and electroproduction of pseudo-scalar mesons. We concentrate on the pi^0 and show that the quasi elastic pi^0-production is again strongly suppressed for a diquark structure of the proton whereas the cross sections for diffractive proton dissociation are larger by orders of magnitude and rather independent of the proton structure.Comment: 18 pages, LaTex2e, graphicx package, 14 eps figures include

Odderon and photon exchange in electroproduction of pseudoscalar mesons

We investigate the reaction $e p \to e PS X$ where PS denotes a pseudoscalar meson $\pi^0, \eta, \eta'$, or $\eta_c$ and X either a proton or resonance or continuum states into which the proton can go by diffractive excitation. At high energies photon and odderon exchange contribute to the reaction. The photon exchange contribution is evaluated exactly using data for the total virtual photon-proton absorption cross section. The odderon exchange contribution is calculated in nonperturbative QCD, using functional integral techniques and the model of the stochastic vacuum. For the proton we assume a quark-diquark structure as suggested by the small odderon amplitude in $pp$ and $p \bar{p}$ forward scattering. We show that odderon exchange leads to a much larger inelastic than elastic PS production cross section. Observation of our reaction at HERA would establish the soft odderon as an exchange object on an equal footing with the soft pomeron and would give us valuable insight into both the nucleon structure and the mechanism of high energy diffractive scattering.Comment: 20 pages, 7 figure

Chiral Symmetry and Diffractive Neutral Pion Photo- and Electroproduction

We show that diffractive production of a single neutral pion in photon-induced reactions at high energy is dynamically suppressed due to the approximate chiral symmetry of QCD. These reactions have been proposed as a test of the odderon exchange mechanism. We show that the odderon contribution to the amplitude for such reactions vanishes exactly in the chiral limit. This result is obtained in a nonperturbative framework and by using PCAC relations between the amplitudes for neutral pion and axial vector current production.Comment: 22 pages, 7 figure

Penicillin allergy SHACK : Survey of hospital and community knowledge

Aim Penicillin allergy accounts for the majority of all reported adverse drug reactions in adults and children. Foregoing first-line antibiotic therapy due to penicillin allergy label is associated with an increased prevalence of infections by resistant organisms and longer hospitalisation. Clinician awareness of allergy assessment, referral indications, management of allergy and anaphylaxis is therefore vital but globally lacking. We aim to assess the knowledge of penicillin allergy, assessment and management in Western Australian health professionals. Methods An anonymous survey was distributed to pharmacists, nurses and physicians within Western Australian paediatric and adult Hospitals, Community and General Practice. Results In total, 487/611 were completed and included in the statistical analysis. Only 62% (301/487) of respondents routinely assessed for patient medication allergies. Of those who assessed allergy, 9% (28/301) of respondents met the Australian standards for allergy assessment. Only 22% (106/487) of participants correctly cited all indications for management with adrenaline in anaphylaxis to antibiotics and 67% (197/292) of physicians rarely or never referred to an allergy service. Paediatric clinicians had an increased understanding of allergy assessment and anaphylaxis management. Recent penicillin allergy education within a 5-year period led to significant improvements in allergy knowledge. Conclusion Overall, knowledge, assessment and management of penicillin allergies among practitioners in Western Australia are currently inadequate in adults and paediatric clinicians to provide safe and effective clinical care. The implementation of a targeted education program for WA health professionals is urgently required and is expected to improve clinician knowledge and aid standardised penicillin assessment (de-labelling) practices

Decomposition of the QCD String into Dipoles and Unintegrated Gluon Distributions

We present the perturbative and non-perturbative QCD structure of the dipole-dipole scattering amplitude in momentum space. The perturbative contribution is described by two-gluon exchange and the non-perturbative contribution by the stochastic vacuum model which leads to confinement of the quark and antiquark in the dipole via a string of color fields. This QCD string gives important non-perturbative contributions to high-energy reactions. A new structure different from the perturbative dipole factors is found in the string-string scattering amplitude. The string can be represented as an integral over stringless dipoles with a given dipole number density. This decomposition of the QCD string into dipoles allows us to calculate the unintegrated gluon distribution of hadrons and photons from the dipole-hadron and dipole-photon cross section via kT-factorization.Comment: 43 pages, 14 figure

Two Photon Reactions at High Energies

Cross sections for the reactions gamma^(*) gamma^(*) --> hadrons and gamma^(*) gamma^(*) --> 2 vector mesons are calculated as functions of energy (sqrt(s) > 20 GeV) and photon virtualities. Good agreement with experiment is obtained for the total hadronic cross section and, after allowing for a valence-quark contribution from the hadronic part of the photon, with the photon structure function at small x. The cross section for vector meson production are shown to be experimentally accessible for moderate values of Q^2. This is sufficient to probe the nature of the hard pomeron which has recently been proposed.Comment: some changes in style, physics unchanged, final version to appear in Phys.Rev.D, LaTeX2e, graphicx package, 15 eps-figures, 15p

Diffractive color-dipole nucleon scattering

We determine the diffractive scattering amplitude of a color-dipole on a nucleon using a non-perturbative model of QCD which contains only parameters taken from low-energy physics. This allows to relate specific features of the confinement mechanisms with diffractive electro-production processes and structure functions. The agreement with phenomenological data is satisfactory.Comment: 7 pages, 5 eps-figures, uses eps