Villages and Urbanization

In this article comments by politician Boris Johnson and economist Edward Glaeser exemplify narratives of global urbanization that portray rural villages as redundant and perpetuate outdated notions of urban–rural division. Simultaneously, traditional urban–rural dialectics are distorted by divisive new urban projects like gated communities styled as villages. This paper argues for development models that acknowledge the vital environmental and economic roles played by rural villages, and opposes artificially created “villages” in cities. In so doing, alternative readings of rurality and villages by Rem Koolhaas, Brazilian land reformers, Mahatma Gandhi, and critics of contemporary Indian literature and urbanism are considered

Architecture without architects : a short introduction to non-pedigreed architecture

157 p. : ill. ; 25 cm

Architecture Without Architects: A Short Introduction To Non-pedigreed Architecture

v;157 hlm.;ill.;bibl.;24 c

Architecture

Architecture is a design discipline, denoting both the professional practice and the built works associated with it. Architecture is commonly understood to be separate from building on the premise that it involves the conscious and deliberate design of elements rather than replicating established patterns; this is an increasingly problematic position that reinforces colonialist discourses over what constitutes architecture. Architecture has its own well‐developed theories and histories. There are multiple points of intersection between architecture and anthropology, such as the ethnography of practice, dwelling perspectives and anthropologies of home, urban anthropology, and critiques of modernity. Architecture has its own discussions of materials in parallel to those undertaken in material culture, and results in tangible interventions in the world

Role of uncoupling protein UCP2 in cell-mediated immunity: How macrophage-mediated insulitis is accelerated in a model of autoimmune diabetes

Infiltration of inflammatory cells into pancreatic islets of Langerhans and selective destruction of insulin-secreting β-cells are characteristics of type 1 diabetes. Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is a mitochondrial protein expressed in immune cells. UCP2 controls macrophage activation by modulating the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MAPK signaling. We investigated the role of UCP2 on immune cell activity in type 1 diabetes in Ucp2-deficient mice. Using the model of multiple low-dose streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes, we found that autoimmune diabetes was strongly accelerated in Ucp2-KO mice, compared with Ucp2-WT mice with increased intraislet lymphocytic infiltration. Macrophages from STZ-treated Ucp2-KO mice had increased IL-1β and nitric oxide (NO) production, compared with WT macrophages. Moreover, more macrophages were recruited in islets of STZ-treated Ucp2-KO mice, compared with Ucp2-WT mice. This finding also was accompanied by increased NO/ROS-induced damage. Altogether, our data show that inflammation is stronger in Ucp2-KO mice and islets, leading to the exacerbated disease in these mice. Our results highlight the mitochondrial protein UCP2 as a new player in autoimmune diabetes