Foliar Application of Several Nitrogen Sources as Fertilisers to Tempranillo Grapevines: Effect on Wine Volatile Composition

Foliar nitrogen applications to the vineyard make it possible to improve grape and wine phenolic and amino acid concentration. However, to our knowledge, there is little information about their impacts on the volatile composition of wine. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of the application of several nitrogen sources in Tempranillo vineyards on wine volatile composition during the first season. Subsequently, two dosages of phenylalanine and urea were applied to the vineyard with the aim of evaluating their effect on wine volatile composition. The results show that the different nitrogen sources applied to the grapevines during the first season did not affect higher alcohols, fatty acids, esters and other volatile compounds in the wines. The two dosages of phenylalanine and urea applied to the vineyard during the second vintage barely affected wine volatile composition. Consequently, this study shows that foliar nitrogen treatments in vineyards did not modify the wine aromatic profile

Changes on grape volatile composition after elicitors and nitrogen compounds foliar applications to 'Garnacha', 'Tempranillo' and 'Graciano' vines

Grape volatile compounds determine the wine quality and typicity. The aim of this work was to study the effects of several foliar applications in 'Garnacha', 'Tempranillo', and 'Graciano' grapevines in order to enhance their grape volatile composition. The field trial involved the application of two nitrogen compounds, urea (Ur) and phenylalanine (Phe), and two elicitors, methyl jasmonate (MeJ) and a yeast extract (YE). The analysis of grape volatile compounds was carried out by HS-SPME-GC-MS. For 'Garnacha', most terpenes, and C13 norisoprenoids increased their grape content by applying Ur and Phe, and especially MeJ. For 'Tempranillo', treatments with Ur and MeJ improved the synthesis of most terpenoids. For 'Graciano', a trend to decrease the terpenoids content in grapes with the treatments was observed; however, Phe application increased C13 norisoprenoids content. In conclusion, foliar application of, Phe or Ur, and an elicitor, MeJ, can be a useful tool to improve grape quality

Maternal and perinatal outcomes after bariatric surgery: a spanish multicenter study

The final publication is avaliable at Springer Link[Abstract] Background. Bariatric surgery (BS) has become more frequent among women of child-bearing age. Data regarding the underlying maternal and perinatal risks are scarce. The objective of this nationwide study is to evaluate maternal and perinatal outcomes after BS. Methods. We performed a retrospective observational study of 168 pregnancies in 112 women who underwent BS in 10 tertiary hospitals in Spain over a 15-year period. Maternal and perinatal outcomes, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), pregnancy-associated hypertensive disorders (PAHD), pre-term birth cesarean deliveries, small and large for gestational age births (SGA, LGA), still births, and neonatal deaths, were evaluated. Results were further compared according to the type of BS performed: restrictive techniques (vertical-banded gastroplasty, sleeve gastrectomy, and gastric banding), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), and biliopancreatic diversion (BPD). Results. GDM occurred in five (3 %) pregnancies and there were no cases of PAHD. Women whose pregnancies occurred before 1 year after BS had a higher pre-gestational body mass index (BMI) than those who got pregnant 1 year after BS (34.6 ± 7.7 vs 30.4 ± 5.3 kg/m2, p = 0.007). In pregnancies occurring during the first year after BS, a higher rate of stillbirths was observed compared to pregnancies occurring after this period of time (35.5 vs 16.8 %, p = 0.03). Women who underwent BPD delivered a higher rate of SGA babies than women with RYGB or restrictive procedures (34.8, 12.7, and 8.3 %, respectively). Conclusions. Pregnancy should be scheduled at least 1 year after BS. Malabsorptive procedures are associated to a higher rate of SGA births

Effects on must and wine volatile composition after biostimulation with a brown alga to Tempranillo grapevines in two seasons

[Background] Seaweed application has been defined as a novel technique capable of improving the content of secondary metabolites in berries. There is limited available information about its effects on must and wine volatile composition. This field trial aimed to study the effects of biostimulation to Tempranillo grapevines through an Ascophyllum nodosum fertilizer applied at a low dosage (Ld) and high dosage (Hd) on must and wine volatile compounds over two seasons. [Results]: Ld treatment scarcely affected must and wine volatile compounds in both seasons. Hd foliar application increased the content in musts of several individual terpenoids, C norisoprenoids, esters, benzenoids, alcohols, carbonyl compounds and C6 compounds in 2018. Must yeast assimilable nitrogen conditioned the production of wine volatile compounds. [Conclusion]: These results suggest that seaweeds applications can act as elicitors in Tempranillo, triggering the synthesis of several compounds by the plant in musts during a season with a high rainfall and relative humidity.Ministry of Science, Innovation and UniversitiesPeer reviewe

Pulsed Electric Fields as a Green Pretreatment to Enhance Mass Transfer from Grapes of Bioactive Molecules: Aromatic, Phenolic, and Nitrogen Compounds

The objective of this chapter was to summarize the effects of four pulsed electric field (PEF) treatments on the chemical composition of three grape varieties. To this end, Graciano, Tempranillo, and Grenache grapes were destemmed and crushed and then were treated using a PEF continuous system. Phenolic and nitrogen compounds were analyzed by HPLC and volatile compounds by GC-MS. The results showed that the influence of PEF treatments on these bioactive molecules was different depending on the grape variety and PEF treatment applied. This non-thermal technology improved Grenache aromatic composition, but Tempranillo and Graciano volatile composition was not affected by PEF. The treatment with the highest time and energy was the most effective on the total stilbene extraction, greatly increasing the content of these compounds in all grape varieties. Moreover, all PEF treatments enhanced yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) and total amino acids of Grenache grape variety, while for Graciano and Tempranillo, the PEF treatments hardly affected its nitrogen compounds content. In conclusion, from the point of view of the chemical composition and taking into account the treatments used in this study, it can be concluded that PEF is an appropriate technology to improve the quality of Grenache variety

Foliar application of proline, phenylalanine, and urea to Tempranillo vines: Effect on grape volatile composition and comparison with the use of commercial nitrogen fertilizers

In this work the influence of the foliar application of proline, phenylalanine, urea and two commercial nitrogen fertilizers, with and without amino acids, on grape aroma composition was studied. The treatments were applied in a Tempranillo vineyard, at a dose of total N of 900g/ha, at veraison and a week later. Enological parameters and volatile compound content were determined in grapes. The results showed that terpenoids synthesis decreased with all treatments carried out in the vineyard, and there were not significant differences either in the amount of C13 norisoprenoids or in esters between treated and control samples. The treatment with phenylalanine increased the presence of benzenoid compounds and decreased C6 compounds. Therefore, this treatment could be considered the best from the point of view of grape aroma composition. The treatments with the commercial nitrogen fertilizers did not affect the total compound content present in the samples

Influence of oak origin and ageing conditions on wine spoilage by Brettanomyces yeasts

© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. The use of oak wood is a common practice for the maturation of higher quality wines, but this practice also has been occasionally related with the spoilage of wines with ethylphenols produced by Brettanomyces/Dekkera yeasts. This work studied the presence of these yeasts and ethylphenol production in the same wine aged in different conditions: aerobic/anaerobic, sulfur dioxide additions, and oak origin of the casks used (American, French, Russian and Chinese), with the aim of characterizing factors affecting the development and production of volatile phenols by Brettanomyces. Results obtained indicated the spoilage risk exists when Brettanomyces cells are present, even at a low level, in wines subjected to ageing, both in the cask and the bottle. Brettanomyces presence (cfu/ml and strains) and ethylphenol production during ageing, is affected more by the ageing conditions (aerobic/anaerobic and sulfiting) than by the origin of the oak.This study has been undertaken with a grant from the Government of La Rioja, Spain (Project PR-11-11).Peer Reviewe

Influence des conditions de vieillisement sur l'alteration de vins par levures brettanomyces

Póster presentado en el 38th World Congress of Vine and Wine (OIV), celebrado en Mainz (Alemania) del 5 al 10 de julio de 2015.[EN] This work studied the presence of Brettanomyces/ Dekkera yeast strains and ethylphenol production in the same wine aged in different conditions: aerobic/ anaerobic, sulfur dioxide additions, and oak origin of the casks used (American, French, Russian and Chinese), with the aim of characterizing factors affecting the development and production of volatile phenols by Brettanomyces. Results obtained indicated the spoilage risk exists when Brettanomyces cells are present, even at a low level, in wines subjected to ageing, both in the cask and the bottle. Brettanomyces presence (cfu/ml and strains) and ethylphenol production during ageing, is affected more by the ageing conditions (aerobic/anaerobic and sulfiting) than by the origin of the oak.[ES] Este trabajo estudió la presencia de levaduras Brettanomyces/ Dekkera y la producción de etilfenoles en el mismo vino envejecido en diferentes condiciones: aerobiosis/ anaerobiosis, adición de anhídrido sulfuroso y origen de las barricas de roble empleadas (americano, francés, ruso y chino). El objetivo fue estudiar si dichos factores afectan al desarrollo de Brettanomyces y a la producción de fenoles volátiles en el vino. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que el riesgo de alteración existe cuando las células de Brettanomyces están presentes en los vinos sometidos a envejecimiento, incluso en niveles bajos, y tanto en barrica como en botella. Las condiciones de envejecimiento (aerobiosis/ anaerobiosis y sulfitado), afectaron más al desarrollo de Brettanomyces (ufc/ ml y cepas) y a la producción de etilfenoles que el origen del roble empleado.[FR] Ce travail a étudié la présence de souches de levures Brettanomyces/ Dekkera et la production d’ éthylphénols dans le même vin vieilli dans des différentes conditions: aérobie/ anaérobie, ajouts de dioxyde de soufre, et l'origine de chêne des fûts utilisés (américaine, française, russe et chinois), avec le but d’étudier si ces facteurs influent sur le développement de Brettanomyces et la production de phénols volatils dans le vin. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que le risque d'altération existe lorsque les cellules de Brettanomyces sont présentes, même à un faible niveau, dans les vins soumis à un vieillissement, à la fois dans le fût et la bouteille. La présence de Brettanomyces (ufc/ ml et les souches) et la production d’ éthylphénols au cours du vieillissement est plus influencée par les conditions de vieillissement (aérobie/ anaérobie et sulfitage) que par l'origine du chêne.Peer Reviewe

Effects of water deficit irrigation on phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of monastrell grapes under semiarid conditions

The high phenolic compound content of grapes makes them an important source of natural antioxidants, among other beneficial health properties. Vineyard irrigation might affect berry composition and quality. Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) is a widely used strategy to reduce the possible negative impact of irrigation on grapes, improving grape composition and resulting in water savings. Monastrell grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in eastern Spain were subjected to two water regime strategies: rainfed (non-irrigation) and RDI. The content of anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanols, hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, and stilbenes was determined by HPLC and was related with total phenolic content and three antioxidant activity methods (ABTS, DPPH, and ORAC). The study aimed to evaluate and compare the phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of Monastrell grapes. The rainfed regime concentrated grapes in terms of phenolic compounds. Thus, total content of anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanols, hydroxybenzoic acids, and total phenols were higher in the rainfed grapes than in the RDI ones. Besides, the rainfed grapes doubled their antioxidant potential with respect to the RDI grapes with the ORAC method. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity by ORAC assay positively correlated with most of the total phenolic compounds analyzed. This study demonstrates how field practices can modulate final grape composition in relation to their antioxidant activity