La Hacienda Real en Galicia en tiempos de Juan II (1406-1454)

Evolución de las rentas reales en Galicia durante el reinado de Juan II (1406-1454), con especial estudio de la recaudación de rentas ordinarias –alcabalas, diezmos de la mar y alfolíes-, extraordinarias –pedidos y monedas- y pechos y derechos antiguos. Descripción de la geografía fiscal del reino de Galicia y análisis de la evolución de cada renta. Dificultades que encontró el poder real para llevar a cabo la recaudación y establecimiento de cuotas o “tasa” para los señoríos eclesiásticos y nobiliarios.The evolution of royal income in Galicia during the reign of John II (1406-1454), with particular attention to the collection of ordinary returns –sales taxes, one-tenth of the profits from the seas and reserves-, extraordinary returns –requests and coins– and ancient rights and poll taxes. A description of the fiscal geography of the kingdom of Galicia and analysis of the evolution of each tax. Problems the royal authority encountered in tax collection and the establishment of quotas or a “tasa” for noble and ecclesiastical lordships

Los primeros vizcondes de Altamira en la villa de Viveiro: adquisición y pérdida de un señorío en el reino de Galicia

This article analyzes the situation in the town of Viveiro in the middle years of the fifteenth century, especially in those where the subject appears stately dependence of the first Viscount of Altamira. It explores issues of interest such as the occupation of the town by Marshal Pardo de Cela and grants granted by Henry IV Viscount of Altamira to offset the temporary loss of the manor. In the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, the town regained its status Viveiro realenga and Mercedes new policy launched by the monarchs would grant wide margins of power to royal butler Enrique Enriquez, named from the first years of the reign of tenente villa.El presente artículo analiza la situación que atraviesa la villa de Viveiro en los años centrales del siglo XV, especialmente en aquellos en los que aparece sujeta a la dependencia señorial de los primeros vizcondes de Altamira. En él se estudian cuestiones tan interesantes como la ocupación de la villa por el mariscal Pardo de Cela y las mercedes concedidas por Enrique IV al vizconde de Altamira para compensar la pérdida temporal del señorío. En el reinado de los Reyes Católicos, la villa de Viveiro recuperaba su condición realenga y la nueva política de mercedes puesta en marcha por los monarcas otorgaría amplios márgenes de poder al mayordomo real don Enrique Enríquez, nombrado desde los primeros años del reinado tenente de la villa. [gl] O presente artigo analiza a situación que atravesa a vila de Viveiro nos anos centrais do século XV, especialmente naqueles nos que aparece suxeita á dependencia señorial dos primeiros vizcondes de Altamira. Nel estúdanse cuestións tan interesantes como a ocupación da vila polo mariscal Pardo de Cela e as mercedes concedidas por Enrique IV ao vizconde de Altamira para compensar a perda temporal do señorío. No reinado dos Reis Católicos, a vila de Viveiro recuperaba a súa condición realenga e a nova política de mercedes posta en marcha polos monarcas outorgaría amplos marxes de poder ao mordomo real don Enrique Enríquez, nomeado dende os primeiros anos do reinado tenente da vila

Los ingresos extraordinarios del Reino de Galicia en el siglo XV

Study of the extraordinary taxes that are levied in the kingdom of Galicia during the fifteenth century. First attention is given to the collection of actual orders during the reigns of John II and Henry IV, then move on to explore other ways of collecting taxes and extraordinary contribution of the Brotherhood and its replacement, from 1498, for extraordinary services approved by the Cortes of the kingdom.Estudio de los impuestos extraordinarios que se recaudan en el reino de Galicia durante todo el siglo XV. En primer lugar se presta atención a la recaudación de los pedidos reales durante los reinados de Juan II y Enrique IV, para pasar después a analizar otras formas de recaudación de tributos extraordinarios como la contribución de la Hermandad y su sustitución, a partir de 1498, por los servicios extraordinarios aprobados por las Cortes del reino

Last will of Lope Gómez de Marzoa: a well-to-do and very well related man in the city of Santiago

El objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en dar a conocer las últimas voluntades del regidor y notario compostelano Lope Gómez de Marzoa. Además de analizar sus disposiciones testamentarias, se estudiarán brevemente algunos de los aspectos menos conocidos de su biografía, tratando de clarifi car especialmente sus orígenes familiares y su papel como hombre de negocios y miembro de las élites urbanas en la Galicia del siglo XV. Asimismo, se hará referencia a algunos de los pleitos en los que se vieron inmersos tanto él como, sobre todo, sus herederos. Finalmente, se publican los nuevos documentos que permiten reconstruir los últimos momentos y voluntades de Lope Gómez de MarzoaO obxectivo do presente traballo consiste en dar a coñecer as últimas vontades do rexedor e notario compostelán Lope Gómez de Marzoa. Ademais de analizar as súas disposicións testamentarias, estudaranse brevemente algún dos aspectos menos coñecidos da súa biografía, tratando de clarifi car especialmente as súas orixes familiares e o seu papel como home de negocios e membro das elites urbanas na Galicia do século XV. Así mesmo, faráse referencia a algúns dos preitos nos que se viron inmersos tanto el como, sobre todo, os seus herdeiros. Finalmente, publícanse os novos documentos que permiten reconstruír os últimos momentos e vontades de Lope Gómez de MarzoaThe aim of this paper is to make known the last wills of Lope Gómez de Marzoa, city councilor and public notary of Santiago de Compostela. Apart from analising his testamentary dispositions, some of the less well-known aspects of his biography will be briefl y studied. This will be done specially trying to clarify his family roots and his role as businessman and member of urban elites in Galicia during the 15th century. Besides, this essay will make reference to some of the litigations in which he, and, above all, his heirs were involved. Finally, the article makes public new documents that allow to reconstruct the last moments and wills of Lope Gómez de MarzoaS

On the extraction of cellulose nanowhiskers from food by-products and their comparative reinforcing effect on a polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate polymer

The present work reports on the characterization of cellulose nanowhiskers (CNW) extracted from three different food by-products, i.e., wheat straw (WSCNW), Brewers spent grains (BGCNW) and olive pomace (OPCNW), by using an optimized hydrolysis method similar to that developed to extract bacterial cellulose nanowhiskers (BCNW). WSCNW and BGCNW were seen to present optimal properties, with aspect ratio, crystallinity and thermal stability values comparable to those of BCNW. Additionally, the optimized hydrolysis treatment led to extraction yields higher than those previously reported for food by-products. The CNW were subsequently incorporated into a commercial polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate polymer (PHBV) by solution casting, and the produced nanocomposites were characterized. Although the addition of BGCNW and WSCNW was advantageous in terms of mechanical performance in comparison with OPCNW, no significant enhancement of the pure PHBV mechanical properties was reported because of the low nanofiller loadings used and the inherent difficulty of achieving a high degree of dispersion by the casting method. Interestingly, BGCNW and WSCNW presented reduced moisture sensitivity as compared with BCNW, leading to greater barrier performance and resulting in oxygen permeability reductions up to 26 % with WSCNW and 44 % with BGCNW.Noelle Peutat, on leave from the University of Grenoble in France, is acknowledged for her great dedication and support in the experimental work. M. Martinez-Sanz would like to thank the Spanish Ministry of Education for FPU Grant 1484. The authors acknowledge financial support from the EU FP7 ECOBIOCAP Project. The Electronic Microscopy Department in the SCIE from the University of Valencia is acknowledged for the support with SEM and TEM analyses. The Portuguese authors also acknowledge support from the FCT (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology) through strategic project PEst-OE/EQB/LA0023/2013

Nano- and microstructural evolution of alginate beads in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Impact of M/G ratio, molecular weight and pH

peer-reviewedAlginate microcapsules were prepared using three different alginate grades and incubated under simulated digestion conditions. Their micro- and nanostructural changes were studied using microscopy, laser diffraction and small angle X-ray scattering. Both the molecular weight and M/G ratio affected the size and nanostructural features of the capsules, but the changes in gastrointestinal conditions were mainly determined by the latter. All microcapsules swelled slightly in simulated gastric fluid (pH = 3) and swelled further in simulated intestinal fluid (pH = 7), particularly those with high mannuronic acid (M) contents. While high guluronic acid (G) beads maintained the nanostructural features characteristic of alginate gels (junction zones) in both media, these were rapidly disrupted in the M-rich capsules. Decreasing the pH of the gastric phase from 3 to 2 had dramatic structural impacts, resulting in a greater integrity of the microcapsules, thus highlighting the importance of the selected digestion protocol for rational microcapsule design

Superabsorbent food packaging bioactive cellulose-based aerogels from Arundo donax waste biomass

A. donax waste biomass has been valorized for the extraction of cellulosic fractions with different purification degrees, as well as aqueous bioactive extracts, which were then combined to develop superabsorbent bioactive aerogels. All the developed aerogels presented excellent water and oil sorption capacities; however, the presence of hemicelluloses yielded more porous and hydrophilic aerogels, capable of absorbing more water. With regards to the aqueous extracts, the hot water treatment (HW) of A. donax stems promoted the extraction of polysaccharides and polyphenols, producing the extract (S-HW) with the highest antioxidant capacity. This extract was then incorporated into the aerogels produced from the less purified stem fractions (F2A and F3A), which were chosen due to their good water sorption capacity, higher antioxidant potential and lower production costs and environmental impact. The hybrid aerogels showed a great potential to be used as bioactive pads for food packaging. In particular, the F2A + S-HW aerogel would be the most optimum choice since it provides a complete release of the extract in hydrophilic media, as demonstrated by in-vitro release and β-carotene bleaching inhibition studies, and it is able to reduce the colour loss and lipid oxidation in red meat upon refrigerated storage to a greater extent.Marta Martinez-Sanz is recipient of a Juan de la Cierva (IJCI-2015-23389) contract from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness. Cynthia Fontes-Candia is recipient of a pre-doctoral grant from CONACYT (MEX/Ref. 306680)