Bioactivity-Guided Isolation of Cytotoxic Compounds from Garcinia Urophylla

From a selective cytotoxic activity screening program on fifteen species of plants using MTT cytotoxic assay,Garcinia urophylla showed the most potent cytotoxic activity.The methanolic extract was tested on MCF-7 cells (hormone dependent breast cancer cell line),and showed the IC50 of 2.7 ,g/mL.Garcinia urophylla or locally known as “Kandis hutan”,is a small fruiting tree usually scattered through out the hills in Malaysia and Sumatra.Up to now, there have not been any studies conducted on Garcinia urophylla.The methanolic extract of Garcinia urophylla was fractionated into hexane,dichloromethane (CH2Cl2),ethyl acetate (EtAOc) and butanol (BuOH) fractions.The fractions were tested for cytotoxic activity, and CH2Cl2 extract was found to be the most active, with IC50 = 3 ,g/mL. The active CH2Cl2 fraction gave 7 compounds including lupeol (57), gaudichaudione H (58), nor-deoxymorellin (59), 1,2,5-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-4-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)xanthone (60), 1,7-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-2-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)xanthone (62), 1,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-2-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)xanthone (63)and 1,3,7-trihydroxy-2-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)xanthone (64).All compounds except for lupeol showed cytotoxic activity (IC50 100 ,g/ml for 57, 3.7 ± 0.7 ,g/ml for 58, 25.0 ± 4.9,g/ml for 59, 22.6 ± 4.1 ,g/ml for 60, 21.6 ± 3.4 ,g/ml for 62, 2.0 ± 0.5 ,g/ml for 63 and 5.5 ± 2.4 ,g/ml for 64. The potent activity of compound 63 and 64 was probably due to the presence of a prenyl group at C-2 and has oxygen-linked substituents at C-1 and C-3.This structure activity relationship was modified from Ito et al. (2003), which stated that the essential feature for the activity of the xanthones is the presence of two prenyl side chain at C-2 and C-8 positions in a xanthone skeleton that has oxygen-linked substituents at C-1, C-3, C-6 and C-7. Compound 59 was a new caged structure xanthonoid, due to a hydroxyl group at C-7. Compound 60 was a new tetraoxygenated xanthone due to occurrence of hydroxyl group at C-1, C-2 and C-5 and a methoxyl group at C-

Synthesis Of Antibacterial Cream Based On Allium Sativum As Topical Delivery

This study was conducted to produce a topical delivery system which has an active ingredient which can be used for treatment of skin diseases such as acne and common skin disease. In this study, four cream formulation were prepared. Three of four cream formulations contained Allium sativum extract 0.35%, 0.5% and 0.65%. Infrared spectroscopic analysis was performed on four samples of different extracts of Allium sativum. In addition, Allium sativum extract and four samples of different creams have alsodone testing for antibacterial activity. In this study, Sthaphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were used as  microorganism. The Results showed that samples of fresh methanol extract Allium sativum provide better antibacterial activity compared to the three other samples. Four samples of cream with different percentage of active ingredients showed have no antibacterial effect after antibacterial activity testing been done. However, in terms of quality, the samples of the cream produced a good quality, based on the value of pH, viscosity and stability for 3 weeks of storag

Ciri fizikokimia filem boleh makan dan filem polietilena bagi ubi keledek (Ipomoea batatas) goreng

Penyelidikan dijalankan bagi menilai kesan penggunaan filem boleh makan dan filem polietilena (PE) sebagai bahan penyalut untuk ubi keledek (Ipomoea batatas) goreng. Kepingan ubi keledek disalut dengan lapisan filem boleh makan yang terdiri daripada 0.045 g/mL selulosa metil (MC), 0.045 g/mL selulosa hidroksipropil metil (HPMC) dan 0.16 g/mL jagung zein (CZ) sebelum digoreng di dalam minyak sawit pada suhu 170-180°C selama 3 min. Manakala ubi keledek juga disalut dengan filem tak boleh makan iaitu polietilena (PE) (nisbah PE kepada minyak 1:100 g/g) sebagai perbandingan. Ubi goreng tanpa salutan filem digunakan sebagai sampel kawalan. Ciri fizikokimia ubi goreng bersalut dianalisa. Keputusan menunjukkan semua filem melekat pada permukaan ubi setelah digoreng. Penggunaan filem CZ menjadikan permukaan filem licin dan wujud tanpa sebarang retakan. Filem MC pula memberi lapisan permukaan yang tidak rata tetapi menyaluti permukaan sampel dengan sekata. Tambahan pula, ubi bersalut MC menunjukkan peratusan lemak paling sedikit (13.6%) selain kandungan kelembapan yang paling tinggi (17.5%) berbanding sampel lain. Secara keseluruhan, MC merupakan filem yang terbaik untuk mengekalkan kelembapan bahan goreng dan mengurangkan penyerapan lemak

NMR Study of Methyl β-orsellinate from Dirinaria sp. was Collected from Coastal Areas of Teluk Nipah, Pulau Pangkor, Perak Malaysia

The research was carried out to isolate and characterize the methyl β-orsellinate of lichen Dirinaria sp. collected from the coastal areas of Teluk Nipah, Pulau Pangkor, Perak Malaysia. The sample was extracted in methanol for three times at room temperature. Subsequently, the crude extracts and further analysed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC). To derive the pure compounds, the isolation step was performed using radial chromatography (RC). The chemical structure of the isolated compound was determined by several spectroscopies i.e. infra-red (IR), nuclear magnetic resonances (NMR), and mass spectrometric (MS). The compound was identified as methyl β-orsellinate.

Haid daripada perspektif sains dan maqasid syariah

Setiap kejadian semula jadi merupakan rahmat dan memberi kemaslahatan kepada manusia termasuklah pendarahan haid dalam kalangan wanita. Haid merupakan suatu proses yang unik dan terancang yang melibatkan tiga fasa utama iaitu fasa haid, fasa folikel dan fasa luteal. Objektif penyelidikan ini ialah untuk mengkaji dan menghubungkaitkan kebaikan haid daripada perspektif sains dan maqasid syariah. Kajian ini dijalankan dengan menggunakan ulasan literatur secara deskriptif. Kajian mendapati bahawa perubahan hormon, warna darah dan faktor fiziokimia lain memberi kesan terhadap kenormalan kitaran haid. Darah haid juga dikenal pasti mempunyai agen antimikrob terutamanya terhadap bakteria E. coli dan bakteria Gram-negatif lain. Hal ini bertepatan dengan maqasid syariah memelihara jiwa kerana haid mampu juga memelihara kesihatan wanita. Selain itu, kajian lepas menemukan bahawa darah haid terdiri daripada sel stem yang boleh digunakan dalam aktiviti klinikal pada masa akan datang. Maqasid syariah melindungi keturunan juga dapat dilihat dengan kehadiran haid yang sering digunakan bagi menjangkakan waktu subur bagi merancang kehamilan. Hikmah Islam melarang mendekatkan diri (bersetubuh) dengan wanita yang sedang haid adalah satu rahmat yang besar, kerana wanita yang sedang haid biasanya mempunyai kelaziman gejala prahaid (PMS) yang melibatkan isu kesihatan. Oleh itu, haid daripada perspektif sains adalah bertepatan dengan maqasid syariah

Cytotoxic and nitric oxide inhibitory activities of methanol extracts of Garcinia species.

The methanol extracts of 32 plant parts of 19 species of the genus Garcinia (Guttiferae) were collected from rainforests of the Malaysian Peninsula and the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, for evaluation of their in vitro cytotoxic and nitric oxide inhibitory activities. An end-point MTT cell viability assay was used to determine the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the extracts in three human tumor cell lines representing tumors of the breast (MCF-7), lung (NCI-H460) and prostate (DU-145). Griess assay was performed to assess the nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity. Of the 32 extracts, 27 showed cytotoxic activity in at least one of the three tumor cell lines used in this study. Four extracts, Garcinia opaca King (fruit), Garcinia maingayi Hook.f. (stem), Garcinia penangiana Pierre (leaf) and Garcinia urophylla Scortech.ex King (leaf) extracts showed the most potent and selective cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells (IC50 3-8 ?g/mL). The extracts from Garcinia cowa Roxb. (stem), Garcinia bancana Miq. (stem) and Garcinia malaccensis Hook.f. (leaf) showed moderate activity and selectivity towards non-small lung tumor cells. The extracts from Garcinia bancana (stem), Garcinia malaccensis (stem), Garcinia prainiana King (leaf), Garcinia rostrata Hassk.ex Hook.f. (stem and leaf), Garcinia cowa (stem) and Garcinia nervosa Miq. (leaf) exhibited inhibition against NO production without affecting the viability of LPS and IFN-?-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Among these, the most promising extracts were G. bancana (stem) and G. malaccensis (stem), as they showed the highest selectivity indices (>50) for NO inhibition. In conclusion, these data provide evidence that some of the Garcinia species could potentially contain potent and selective cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory agents

Representative candidate of gelatinase encoded gene in Enterobacter aerogenes (Strain EA1) for hydrolyzing porcine gelatin

Enterobacter aerogenes (Strain EA1) was characterised as gelatinase species-specific bacterium to porcine and fish gelatin. This bacterium offers the possibility of enzymes production to each species gelatin. In this study, a bioinformatic analysis toward genome sequence of E. aerogenes was perfomed to determine genes encoded for gelatinase. E. aerogenes were partially genome sequenced resulting in 5.0 mega basepair total size of sequence. From pre-process pipeline, 78.58% of high quality reads was obtained for E. aerogenes. Genome assembly produced 120 contigs with 55.17% of GC base content. Protein prediction analysis determined 4705 genes from E. aerogenes. Two gelatinase candidate target genes selected from E. aerogenes were NODE_9_length_26866_cov_148.013245_12 containing 1029 bp sequence and NODE_24_length_155103_cov_177.082458_62 containing 717 bp sequence with highest similarity identity percentage against gelatinase enzyme available in Swiss-Prot and NCBI online database. Then, primers were designed for each target genes based on the open reading frame of selected genes. The expected gene candidate showed, 1029 bp and 717 bp amplicons for gen NODE_9_12 and gene NODE_24_62, respectively. Thus, gelatinase candidate encoded genes of E. aerogenes were identified for hydrolyzing porcine gelatin

Antimicrobial activity and LC-MS data comparison from Lichen Parmotrema praesorediosum in Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

The research study regarding antimicrobial activity of pure compounds and LCMS data comparison from extract of lichen Parmotrema praesorediosum in Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Antimicrobial activity of acetone, ethanol, and methanol extracts as well as five compounds, namely methyl divaricatinate, methyl haematommate, methyl chlorohaematommate, methyl β-orsellinate, and vinapraesorediosic acid from methanol extract were identified for the microbial activity against four bacterial species, Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogens, and Escerichia coli as well as two fungal species, Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis based on standards. The determination of IC50 using minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) by broth microdilution method was carried out. For acetone extract, 201 μg/mL concentration was required to inhibit 50% (IC50) growth of positive gram bacteria, S. aureus while the concentrations of 430 and 480 μg/mL were able to inhibit 50% (IC50) growth of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis, respectively. Ethanol and methanol extract as well as five pure compounds did not inhibit 50% (IC50) of bacterial and yeast growths. Five pure compounds were first reported to determine IC50 of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) from lichen, Parmotrema praesorediosum in Malaysia. The comparison of LC-MS data between ethanol and acetone extracts showed that there was a peak of the main compound, atranorin in the acetone extract, but was invisible in the ethanol extract where the main bond broke down and produced other compounds. Result of pure compounds from antimicrobial activity and LCMS data comparison from extract of lichen Parmotrema praesorediosum were first reported in Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Data produced from this study will be used to show the comparison and latest result that will provide ongoing body of research into the issue of natural product

New indolizidine alkaloids from psychrophilic yeast Glyciozyma antarctica PI12

Two alkaloid compounds: namely 3-(1-aminoethyl)tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-d][1,2,4]oxadiazine-1,4(3H)-dione (1) and tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine-1,3(4H)-dione (2) was isolated from Glyciozyma antarctica (PI12), a psychrophilic yeast. The isolated compounds were isolated by Radial Chromatography and Thin Layer Chromatography techniques. The chemical structures were elucidated by Ultraviolet-visible, Infrared, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Mass Spectroscopy

Heterologous expression of the avirulence gene ACE1 from the fungal rice pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae

The ACE1 and RAP1 genes from the avirulence signalling gene cluster of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae were expressed in Aspergillus oryzae and M. oryzae itself. Expression of ACE1 alone produced a polyenyl pyrone (magnaporthepyrone), which is regioselectively epoxidised and hydrolysed to give different diols, 6 and 7, in the two host organisms. Analysis of the three introns present in ACE1 determined that A. oryzae does not process intron 2 correctly, while M. oryzae processes all introns correctly in both appressoria and mycelia. Co-expression of ACE1 and RAP1 in A. oryzae produced an amide 8 which is similar to the PKS-NRPS derived backbone of the cytochalasans. Biological testing on rice leaves showed that neither the diols 6 and 7, nor amide 8 was responsible for the observed ACE1 mediated avirulence, however, gene cluster analysis suggests that the true avirulence signalling compound may be a tyrosine-derived cytochalasan compound.Government of Egypt ScholarshipThe School of Chemistry at the University of Bristol and the Mark Evans ScholarshipKano State Government NigeriaMacArthur FoundationBayero UniversityNigerian Petroleum Technology FundMalaysian Govenment ScholarshipEP/F066104/