From ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) to tropospheric monitoring instrument (TROPOMI)

The OMI instrument is an ultraviolet-visible imaging spectrograph that uses two-dimensional CCD detectors to register both the spectrum and the swath perpendicular to the flight direction with a 115° wide swath, which enables global daily ground coverage with high spatial resolution. This paper presents a selection of in-flight radiometric and CCD detector calibration and performance monitoring results since the launch in July 2004. From these examples it will be shown that OMI is performing very well after more than four years in orbit. It is shown how the OMI irradiance measurement data have been used to derive a high resolution solar reference spectrum with good radiometric calibration, good wavelength calibration and high spectral sampling. The surface reflectance climatology derived from three years of in-orbit OMI measurement data is presented and discussed. The OMI mission may possibly be extended in 2009 for another two or four years, depending on the performance of the instrument. By 2013-2014 OMI on EOS-Aura and SCIAMACHY on ENVISAT will have reached more that twice their anticipated lifetimes. In order to guarantee continuity of Earth atmosphere tropospheric and climate measurement data new instrumentation shall be available around that time. A successor of OMI and SCIAMACHY, named TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), scheduled for launch by the end of 2013, is discussed in this paper

Geschiktheid zeewindparken voor maricultuur en passieve visserij : Een kwalitatieve beoordeling van geschiktheid van windparklocaties voor voedselproductie

In de Nederlandse Exclusieve Economische Zone (EEZ) zijn windparken gepland op diverse locaties. Door de windparken ontstaan nieuwe kansen voor multifunctioneel gebruik zoals maricultuur en nietbodemberoerende visserij met passieve vistuigen. Deze studie heeft de relatieve geschiktheid van bestaande, geplande en mogelijke toekomstige windparklocaties op de Noordzee in beeld gebracht voor een aantal vormen van medegebruik met betrekking tot een kweek van een aantal soorten schelpdieren en zeewier en niet-bodemberoerende vangst van een aantal soorten vissen, schaaldieren en weekdieren. Om de relatieve geschiktheid te beoordelen is eerst inzicht nodig waar de verschillende soorten voorkomen en welke condities voor een optimale leefsituatie zorgen. Dit leidt tot een kwalitatieve beoordeling van geschiktheid van (potentiële) windparklocaties voor voedselproductie (i.e. kweek of vangst van de betreffende soorten). De resultaten zijn weergegeven in kaarten per soort waardoor een inschatting gemaakt is van de geschiktheid van de verschillende locaties

Conceptualizing the interaction of context, process and status in the Social License to operate: The case of marine diamond mining in Namibia

This article explores the Social License to Operate (SLO) in relation to seabed mining operations. The SLO has grown in importance over the years, and mining companies are increasingly aware of its importance to reduce social risks. However, the SLO should not be seen as a separate entity but is instead embedded into the Legal License to Operate (LLO) and Political License to Operate (PLO). Recognising this interaction, we developed a conceptual framework in which the fundamental process-related factors of the SLO (trust and legitimacy) and the different levels of the SLO (status) are connected to the context provided by the LLO and PLO. This article presents this conceptual framework and applies it to the case of marine diamond mining in Namibia. The framework was found to be useful for analysing the SLO of marine diamond mining in Namibia, particularly because the inclusion of the context increases understanding of how the manner of organising stakeholder engagement and the role of the government in the LLO and PLO have repercussions for the different process-related factors of the SLO and its resulting status. However, this article presents only a first step and calls for more comparative research to advance empirical and conceptual clarity of which context factors of the PLO and LLO interact in what way with the SLO process and status

Co-location of fisheries and offshore wind farms: current practices and enabling conditions in the North Sea

Current expansion in offshore wind farm (OWF) development is resulting in increasedspatial conflicts with other uses. In the North Sea, marine spatial planning (MSP)processes include co-existence strategies, with co-location between fisheries andoffshore wind farms often discussed. However, current legal regulations and the lack ofadequate scientific evidence to document economic viability of proposed passivegears, coupled with uncertainties regarding the implementation approach, continue tolimit progress in developing co-location solutions. We synthesized current regulationsand practices relevant to offshore wind farms and fisheries and conducted spatialtemporal overlap analysis of pot and trap fisheries targeting crustaceans in offshorewind farms to understand their potential for co-location. Our results showed the largestpotential for co-location of pot and trap fisheries targeting crustaceans is located inOWFs that already exist or will be constructed until 2030. We also identified 1) gaps infisheries and (OWF) regulations and 2) sector challenges that hindered the successfulimplementation of fisheries and offshore wind farm co-location. We discuss andrecommend enabling conditions, including more science-based evidence on socioeconomic and ecological viability of passive fisheries in offshore areas. Experiments onpot and trap gear safety and spillover evidence of artificial reef effects (AREs) areneeded to inform the implementation of new safety distances and economicallybeneficial passive fisheries. Finally, we highlight needs for new insurance regimes andstraightforward funding provision to support transitions to co-location and absorb theshocks from mobile fisheries displacemen

Geschiktheid zeewindparken voor maricultuur en passieve visserij : Een kwalitatieve beoordeling van geschiktheid van windparklocaties voor voedselproductie

In de Nederlandse Exclusieve Economische Zone (EEZ) zijn windparken gepland op diverse locaties. Door de windparken ontstaan nieuwe kansen voor multifunctioneel gebruik zoals maricultuur en nietbodemberoerende visserij met passieve vistuigen. Deze studie heeft de relatieve geschiktheid van bestaande, geplande en mogelijke toekomstige windparklocaties op de Noordzee in beeld gebracht voor een aantal vormen van medegebruik met betrekking tot een kweek van een aantal soorten schelpdieren en zeewier en niet-bodemberoerende vangst van een aantal soorten vissen, schaaldieren en weekdieren. Om de relatieve geschiktheid te beoordelen is eerst inzicht nodig waar de verschillende soorten voorkomen en welke condities voor een optimale leefsituatie zorgen. Dit leidt tot een kwalitatieve beoordeling van geschiktheid van (potentiële) windparklocaties voor voedselproductie (i.e. kweek of vangst van de betreffende soorten). De resultaten zijn weergegeven in kaarten per soort waardoor een inschatting gemaakt is van de geschiktheid van de verschillende locaties

Co-location of fisheries and offshore wind farms: current practices and enabling conditions in the North Sea

Current expansion in offshore wind farm (OWF) development is resulting in increased spatial conflicts with other uses. In the North Sea, marine spatial planning (MSP) processes include co-existence strategies, with co-location between fisheries and offshore wind farms often discussed. However, current legal regulations and the lack of adequate scientific evidence to document economic viability of proposed passive gears, coupled with uncertainties regarding the implementation approach, continue to limit progress in developing co-location solutions. We synthesized current regulations and practices relevant to offshore wind farms and fisheries and conducted spatial-temporal overlap analysis of pot and trap fisheries targeting crustaceans in offshore wind farms to understand their potential for co-location. Our results showed the largest potential for co-location of pot and trap fisheries targeting crustaceans is located in OWFs that already exist or will be constructed until 2030. We also identified 1) gaps in fisheries and (OWF) regulations and 2) sector challenges that hindered the successful implementation of fisheries and offshore wind farm co-location. We discuss and recommend enabling conditions, including more science-based evidence on socio-economic and ecological viability of passive fisheries in offshore areas. Experiments on pot and trap gear safety and spillover evidence of artificial reef effects (AREs) are needed to inform the implementation of new safety distances and economically beneficial passive fisheries. Finally, we highlight needs for new insurance regimes and straightforward funding provision to support transitions to co-location and absorb the shocks from mobile fisheries displacement