24 research outputs found
A CHANDRA SURVEY OF NEARBY SPIRAL GALAXIES. I. POINT SOURCE CATALOGS
Emission from discrete point sources dominates the X-ray luminosity in spiral galaxies. We present results from a survey of 11 nearby, nearly face-on spiral galaxies with the Chandra X-ray Observatory. These galaxies span the Hubble sequence for spirals, allowing insights into the X-ray source population of many diverse systems. In this paper, we present source lists for the 11 galaxies along with fluxes, luminosities, X-ray colors, and variability properties. We briefly discuss X-ray luminosity functions and how they relate to star formation of the host galaxies. We also discuss source colors and variability and what these can tell us about the composition of the X-ray source population
A Radio and X-Ray Study of Historical Supernovae in M83
We report the results of 15 years of radio observations of the six historical
supernovae (SNe) in M83 using the Very Large Array. We note the near linear
decline in radio emission from SN 1957D, a type II SN, which remains a
non-thermal radio emitter. The measured flux densities from SNe 1923A and 1950B
have flattened as they begin to fade below detectable limits, also type II SNe.
The luminosities for these three SNe are comparable with the radio luminosities
of other decades-old SNe at similar epochs. SNe 1945B, 1968L, and 1983N were
not detected in the most recent observations and these non-detections are
consistent with previous studies. We report the X-ray non-detections of all six
historical SNe using the Chandra X-ray Observatory, consistent with previous
X-ray searches of other decades-old SNe, and low inferred mass loss rates of
the progenitors.Comment: 3 color ps figure
Recommended from our members
The SWIRE/Chandra Survey: The X-ray Sources
We report a moderate-depth (70 ks), contiguous 0.7 deg^2 Chandra survey in the Lockman Hole Field of the Spitzer/SWIRE Legacy Survey coincident with a completed, ultra-deep VLA survey with deep optical and near-infrared imaging in-hand. The primary motivation is to distinguish starburst galaxies and active galactic nuclei (AGNs), including the significant, highly obscured (log N_H > 23) subset. Chandra has detected 775 X-ray sources to a limiting broadband (0.3-8 keV) flux ~4 Ă 10^(â16) erg cm^(â2) s^(â1). We present the X-ray catalog, fluxes, hardness ratios, and multi-wavelength fluxes. The log N versus log S agrees with those of previous surveys covering similar flux ranges. The Chandra and Spitzer flux limits are well matched: 771 (99%) of the X-ray sources have infrared (IR) or optical counterparts, and 333 have MIPS 24 ÎŒm detections. There are four optical-only X-ray sources and four with no visible optical/IR counterpart. The very deep (~2.7 ÎŒJy rms) VLA data yield 251 (>4Ï) radio counterparts, 44% of the X-ray sources in the field. We confirm that the tendency for lower X-ray flux sources to be harder is primarily due to absorption. As expected, there is no correlation between observed IR and X-ray fluxes. Optically bright, type 1, and red AGNs lie in distinct regions of the IR versus X-ray flux plots, demonstrating the wide range of spectral energy distributions in this sample and providing the potential for classification/source selection. Many optically bright sources, which lie outside the AGN region in the optical versus X-ray plots (f_r /f_x >10), lie inside the region predicted for red AGNs in IR versus X-ray plots, consistent with the presence of an active nucleus. More than 40% of the X-ray sources in the VLA field are radio-loud using the classical definition, R_L . The majority of these are red and relatively faint in the optical so that the use of R_L to select those AGNs with the strongest radio emission becomes questionable. Using the 24 ÎŒm to radio flux ratio (q_(24)) instead results in 13 of the 147 AGNs with sufficient data being classified as radio-loud, in good agreement with the ~10% expected for broad-lined AGNs based on optical surveys. We conclude that q_(24) is a more reliable indicator of radio-loudness. Use of R_L should be confined to the optically selected type 1 AGN
The Redshift of the Optical Transient Associated with GRB 010222
The gamma-ray burst (GRB) 010222 is the brightest GRB detected to date by the
BeppoSAX satellite. Prompt identification of the associated optical transient
(OT) allowed for spectroscopy with the Tillinghast 1.5m telescope at F. L.
Whipple Observatory while the source was still relatively bright (R ~ 18.6
mag), within five hours of the burst. The OT shows a blue continuum with many
superimposed absorption features corresponding to metal lines at z = 1.477,
1.157, and possibly also at 0.928. The redshift of GRB 010222 is therefore
unambiguously placed at z >= 1.477. The high number of Mg II absorbers and
especially the large equivalent widths of the Mg II, Mg I, and Fe II absorption
lines in the z = 1.477 system further argue either for a very small impact
parameter or that the z = 1.477 system is the GRB host galaxy itself. The
spectral index of the OT is relatively steep, beta = 0.89 +/- 0.03, and this
cannot be caused by dust with a standard Galactic extinction law in the z =
1.477 absorption system. This spectroscopic identification of the redshift of
GRB 010222 shows that prompt and well-coordinated followup of bright GRBs can
be successful even with telescopes of modest aperture.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures; ApJ Letters accepted version, only minor change
Rapid UBVRI Follow-up of the Highly Collimated Optical Afterglow of GRB010222
(Abridged) We present the earliest optical observations of the optical
counterpart to the GRB 010222, obtained with the FLWO 1.2-m telescope in UBVRI
passbands, starting 3.64 hours after the burst. We also present late R-band
observations of the afterglow obtained with the 1.8-m VATT ~25 days after the
burst. The temporal analysis of our data joined with published data indicates a
steepening decay, independent of wavelength, asymptotically approaching
t^{-0.80+/-0.05} at early times (t << 1 day) and t^{-1.30+/-0.05} at late
times, with a sharp break at t_b=0.72+/-0.1 days. This is the second earliest
observed break of any afterglow (after GRB 980519), which clearly indicates the
importance of rapid multi-band follow-up for GRB afterglow research. The
optical spectral energy distribution, corrected for small Galactic reddening,
can be fit fairly well by a single power-law with a slope of -1.07+/-0.09.
However, when we fit using our BVRI data only, we obtain a shallower slope of
-0.88+/- 0.1, in excellent agreement with the slope derived from our
low-resolution spectrum (-0.89 +/- 0.03). The spectral slope and light curve
decay slopes we derive are not consistent with a jet model despite the presence
of a temporal break. Significant host dust extinction with a star-burst
reddening law would flatten the spectral index to match jet predictions and
still be consistent with the observed spectral energy distribution. We derive
an opening angle of 2.1 deg, smaller than any listed in the recent compilation
of Frail et al. The total beamed energy corrected for the jet geometry is
4x10^50 erg, very close to the ``standard'' value of 5x10^50 erg found by Frail
et al. for a number of other bursts with light-curve breaks.Comment: revised version (minor changes only) to be published in the ApJ Part
1, 12 pages, 4 figures; all data used for the fits and our CCD frames
available at ftp://cfa-ftp.harvard.edu/pub/kstanek/GRB010222/ and through WWW
at http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/cfa/oir/Research/GRB
Chandra and Spitzer unveil heavily obscured quasars in the SWIRE/Chandra Survey
Using the large multi-wavelength data set in the chandra/SWIRE Survey (0.6
square degrees in the Lockman Hole), we show evidence for the existence of
highly obscured (Compton-thick) AGN, estimate a lower limit to their surface
density and characterize their multi-wavelength properties. Two independent
selection methods based on the X-ray and infrared spectral properties are
presented. The two selected samples contain 1) 5 X-ray sources with hard X-ray
spectra and column densities > 10^24 cm-2, and 2) 120 infrared sources with red
and AGN-dominated infrared spectral energy distributions (SEDs). We estimate a
surface density of at least 25 Compton-thick AGN per square degree detected in
the infrared in the chandra/SWIRE field of which ~40% show distinct AGN
signatures in their optical/near-infrared SEDs, the remainings being dominated
by the host-galaxy emission. Only ~33% of all Compton-thick AGN are detected in
the X-rays at our depth (F(0.3-8 keV)>10^-15 erg/cm2/s.
We report the discovery of two sources in our sample of Compton-thick AGN,
SWIRE_J104409.95+585224.8 (z=2.54) and SWIRE_J104406.30+583954.1 (z=2.43),
which are the most luminous Compton-thick AGN at high-z currently known. The
properties of these two sources are discussed in detail with an analysis of
their spectra, SEDs, luminosities and black-hole masses.Comment: ApJ accepted (to appear in May 2006 issue, vol. 642, of ApJ) Figures
2, 3, and 14 have been degraded due to space consideration
CfA3: 185 Type Ia Supernova Light Curves from the CfA
We present multi-band photometry of 185 type-Ia supernovae (SN Ia), with over
11500 observations. These were acquired between 2001 and 2008 at the F. L.
Whipple Observatory of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA).
This sample contains the largest number of homogeneously-observed and reduced
nearby SN Ia (z < 0.08) published to date. It more than doubles the nearby
sample, bringing SN Ia cosmology to the point where systematic uncertainties
dominate. Our natural system photometry has a precision of 0.02 mag or better
in BVRIr'i' and roughly 0.04 mag in U for points brighter than 17.5 mag. We
also estimate a systematic uncertainty of 0.03 mag in our SN Ia standard system
BVRIr'i' photometry and 0.07 mag for U. Comparisons of our standard system
photometry with published SN Ia light curves and comparison stars, where
available for the same SN, reveal agreement at the level of a few hundredths
mag in most cases. We find that 1991bg-like SN Ia are sufficiently distinct
from other SN Ia in their color and light-curve-shape/luminosity relation that
they should be treated separately in light-curve/distance fitter training
samples. The CfA3 sample will contribute to the development of better
light-curve/distance fitters, particularly in the few dozen cases where
near-infrared photometry has been obtained and, together, can help disentangle
host-galaxy reddening from intrinsic supernova color, reducing the systematic
uncertainty in SN Ia distances due to dust.Comment: Accepted to the Astrophysical Journal. Minor changes from last
version. Light curves, comparison star photometry, and passband tables are
available at http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/supernova/CfA3
Analysis of two methods of isometric muscle contractions during the anti-G straining maneuver
This study investigated the difference in Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) and Cardiac Output (CO) between two methods of isometric muscle contractions during the Anti-G Straining Maneuver (AGSM). 12 subjects (ages 18 to 38 yrs, height 176.8 +/- 7.4 cm, body mass 78.8 +/- 15.6 kg, percent body fat 14.3 +/- 6.6%) participated in the study. The study was a one-way within-subject design with test conditions counterbalanced. Two methods of isometric muscle contractions lasting 30 seconds each were assessed; an isometric push contraction and an isometric muscle tensing contraction. The dependent parameters were MAP and CO. The average MAP during the push contraction was 123 mmHg, SD +/- 11 and for tense was 118 mmHg, SD +/- 8. CO was 7.6 L/min, SD +/- 1.6 for push and 7.9 L/min, SD +/- 2.0 for tense method. Dependent t-tests revealed t(11) = 1.517, p = 0.157 for MAP and t(11) = 0.875, p = 0.400 for CO. This study demonstrated that the two methods of isometric muscle contractions were not statistically different with regards to MAP and CO. Therefore, both forms of isometric contractions may be potentially useful when performing the muscle contraction portion of the AGSM
The X-ray Point Source Population of Spiral and Star-forming Galaxies.
In this thesis, I study a sample of 11 nearby ânormalâ spiral galaxies and one starburst galaxy with the Chandra X-ray Observatory and supporting ground-based telescopes, with particular emphasis on the
characterisation of the discrete X-ray point source population.
Emission from discrete point sources dominates the X-ray flux from spiral galaxies. This survey spans the Hubble sequence for spirals and, hence, a range in star formation, allowing insights into the X-ray source population of many diverse systems. The inclusion of M82, the prototypical starburst galaxy in the nearby universe, allows for comparison with a system at the extreme of star formation.
Presented here is a detailed catalogue of the source population of these galaxies. For each source, I have derived fluxes, luminosities, X-ray colours, and variability properties. I have also searched for optical and radio counterparts. For the most luminous sources, detailed spectral and temporal analyses have been performed.
For galaxies as a whole, I have examined X-ray point source luminosity functions and how these relate to star formation of those galaxies. I have also devised a strategy for initial classification of X-ray sources based upon their position within a colour-colour diagram. The luminosity function analysis has then been performed on each class of sources, showing 1) that the method of classification appears to be robust to the first order, and 2) that the old and young (i.e. low-mass X-ray binary and high-mass X-ray binary) populations can be segregated, providing insight into the star formation history of each individual galaxy.
I have also studied the environments in which the sources fall within their host galaxies and what this can tell us about the nature of the sources. I have included a discussion of the enigmatic ultraluminous
X-ray sources (ULXs), which may be candidates for intermediate mass (100-10,000 Mï) black holes