The Acquisition of Phrasal Verbs by Catalan Learners of English. Preference for One-Word verbs rather than Two-word combinations

English phrasal verbs have been considered one of the most difficult structures for ESL students to master as a counterpart is rarely found in the L1. Existing literature on the field seems to provide evidence for avoidance inducing factors such as the structural differences between L1-L2 and the highly idiomatic nature of phrasal verbs (Dagut and Laufer 1985; Gaston, 2004; Hulstijn and Marchena,1989; Laufer and Eliasson, 1993; Liao and Fukuya, 2004). Additionally, the semantic component of phrasal verbs has been given a short shrift. This paper aims to examine whether there is avoidance in advanced Catalan ESL learners and whether avoidance of phrasal verbs is triggered by semantic reasons.Durant el procés d' adquisició de l'anglès com a segona llengua o com a llengua estrangera, una de les majors dificultats per els estudiants són els anomenats phrasal verbs. Aquest tipus d'estructures només es troben en la família de llengües germàniques i per tant no es troba una forma equivalent en les llengües no-germàniques. Està demostrat en els estudis sobre aquest tema que els estudiants tendeixen a evitar aquest tipus de verbs optant per aquella forma similar a la llengua materna. Les raons per les quals els phrasal verbs resulten difícils són bàsicament per diferències estructurals entre la llengua materna i la llengua estrangera i també la semàntica dels phrasal verbs que es caracteritza per ser altament figurativa. Aquest treball examina la producció de phrasal verbs per part d'estudiants avançats d'anglès i si hi ha alguna relació en la semàntica d'aquests verbs i la conseqüent evitació

Endothelial activation and damage as a common pathological substrate in different pathologies and cell therapy complications

The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Work partially supported by Fundació Marató de TV3 (202026-10), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI14/00226, INT21/00027, PI17/00675, PI18/00073, PI19/00888, PI20/00246, PI22/00684, and PI22/00240) integrados en el Plan Nacional de I+D+I y cofinanciados por el ISCIII-Subdirección General de Evaluación y el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) "Una manera de hacer Europa" (Spain), Departament de Recerca i Universitats de la Generalitat de Catalunya (2017-SGR-1531 and 2021-SGR-01118), Contrato Clínico de investigación "Emili Letang-Josep Font," Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (ERPR04G719/2016) (Spain), Cerebra Foundation for the Brain Injured Child (Carmarthen, Wales, UK), and Fundación Mutua Madrileña (AP180722022). LY had received support from Juan de la Cierva grant FJC2021-048123-I, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR. FC had received support from Fundación para la Investigación Jesus Serra.MD-R has received honoraria from Jazz and research funding from Zacros (Fujimori Kogyo Co., Ltd., Japan), Cellphire Therapeutics (USA), CSL Behring (Spain), and Sysmex Europe GmbH. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Work partially supported by Fundació Marató de TV3 (202026-10), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI14/00226, INT21/00027, PI17/00675, PI18/00073, PI19/00888, PI20/00246, PI22/00684, and PI22/00240) integrados en el Plan Nacional de I+D+I y cofinanciados por el ISCIII-Subdirección General de Evaluación y el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) "Una manera de hacer Europa" (Spain), Departament de Recerca i Universitats de la Generalitat de Catalunya (2017-SGR-1531 and 2021-SGR-01118), Contrato Clínico de investigación "Emili Letang-Josep Font," Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (ERPR04G719/2016) (Spain), Cerebra Foundation for the Brain Injured Child (Carmarthen, Wales, UK), and Fundación Mutua Madrileña (AP180722022). LY had received support from Juan de la Cierva grant FJC2021-048123-I, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR. FC had received support from Fundación para la Investigación Jesus Serra.The endothelium is a biologically active interface with multiple functions, some of them common throughout the vascular tree, and others that depend on its anatomical location. Endothelial cells are continually exposed to cellular and humoral factors, and to all those elements (biological, chemical, or hemodynamic) that circulate in blood at a certain time. It can adapt to different stimuli but this capability may be lost if the stimuli are strong enough and/or persistent in time. If the endothelium loses its adaptability it may become dysfunctional, becoming a potential real danger to the host. Endothelial dysfunction is present in multiple clinical conditions, such as chronic kidney disease, obesity, major depression, pregnancy-related complications, septic syndromes, COVID-19, and thrombotic microangiopathies, among other pathologies, but also in association with cell therapies, such as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and treatment with chimeric antigen receptor T cells. In these diverse conditions, evidence suggests that the presence and severity of endothelial dysfunction correlate with the severity of the associated disease. More importantly, endothelial dysfunction has a strong diagnostic and prognostic value for the development of critical complications that, although may differ according to the underlying disease, have a vascular background in common. Our multidisciplinary team of women has devoted many years to exploring the role of the endothelium in association with the mentioned diseases and conditions. Our research group has characterized some of the mechanisms and also proposed biomarkers of endothelial damage. A better knowledge would provide therapeutic strategies either to prevent or to treat endothelial dysfunction

Protocol for a multicentre and prospective follow-up cohort study of early detection of atrial fibrillation, silent stroke and cognitive impairment in high-risk primary care patients: the PREFA-TE study

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia. Future estimations suggest an increase in global burden of AF greater than 60% by 2050. Numerous studies provide growing evidence that AF is not only associated with stroke but also with cognitive impairment and dementia.Aim The main goal is to assess the impact of the combined use of cardiac rhythm monitoring devices, echocardiography, biomarkers and neuroimaging on the early diagnosis of AF, silent strokes and cognitive decline, in subjects at high risk of AF.Methods and analysis Two-year follow-up of a cohort of individuals aged 65–85 years at high risk for AF, with no prior diagnosis of either stroke or dementia. The study involves baseline echocardiography, biomarkers, and neuroimaging, yearly cardiac monitoring, and semiannual clinical assessments. Different parameters from these tests will be analysed as independent variables. Throughout the study period, primary outcomes: new diagnoses of AF, stroke and cognitive impairment, along with any clinical and therapeutic changes, will be registered. A first descriptive and bivariate statistical analysis, appropriate to the types of variables, will be done. The information obtained from the data analysis will encompass adjusted risk estimates along with 95% confidence intervals. Event risk predictions will rely on multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models. The predictive value of the model will be evaluated through the utilisation of receiver operating characteristic curves for area under the curve calculation. Additionally, time-to-event analysis will be performed using Kaplan-Meier curves.Ethics and dissemination This study protocol has been reviewed and approved by the Independent Ethics Committee of the Foundation University Institute for Primary Health Care Research-IDIAP Jordi Gol (expedient file 22/090-P). The authors plan to disseminate the study results to the general public through various scientific events. Publication in open-access journals and presentations at scientific congresses, seminars and meetings is also foreseen.Trial registration number NCT05772806