La ceinture fléchée au carrefour des convoitises des communautés canadiennes-françaises, amérindiennes et métisses du Canada

The historical and current uses of the arrowhead sash and the debate surrounding its origins show that it has been prized by many different groups in Canada. Historically French Canadians, aboriginal peoples, and Métis have claimed the sash as theirs and used it to indicate social standing, particularly in the context of the fur trade. Today, it is part of the cultural legacy of each of these communities. Research into material culture has long maintained that we can understand the significance that groups attach to an object simply by tracing its history. This article takes a different approach by exploring the idea that we can understand the significance specific groups attach to certain objects by studying thet inherent physical characteristics, as indicated by the history of the arrowhead sash. Résumé Depuis le débat sur ses origines jusque dans son utilisation historique et actuelle, la ceinture fléchée a été valorisée par plusieurs communautés différentes. Historiquement, elle a été revendiquée par les Canadiens fiançais, les Autochtones etlesMétis du Canada, qui s'en sont d'abord servi comme marqueur de prestige social, notamment dans le cadre de la traite des fourrures. De nos jours, elle est devenue un objet emblématique du patrimoine respectif de ces communautés. Les recherches en culture matérielle ont longtemps considéré que le repérage du parcours historique d'un objet permettait à lui seul d'étudier le sens qui était donné à l'objet par les collectivités en contact avec lui. Cet article se démarque en explorant la thèse selon laquelle le sens attribué à certains objets par des collectivités peut aussi être appréhendé par l'analyse de leurs caractéristiques matérielles inhérentes, ainsi que l'indique le parcours de la ceinture fléchée

Modelling of the radiative properties of an opaque porous ceramic layer

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) operate at temperatures above 1,100 K where radiation effects can be significant. Therefore, an accurate thermal model of an SOFC requires the inclusion of the contribution of thermal radiation. This implies that the thermal radiative properties of the oxide ceramics used in the design of SOFCs must be known. However, little information can be found in the literature concerning their operating temperatures. On the other hand, several types of ceramics with different chemical compositions and microstructures for designing efficient cells are now being tested. This is a situation where the use of a numerical tool making possible the prediction of the thermal radiative properties of SOFC materials, whatever their chemical composition and microstructure are, may be a decisive help. Using this method, first attempts to predict the radiative properties of a lanthanum nickelate porous layer deposited onto an yttria stabilized zirconium substrate can be reported

Functionalization of SiC-based materials by a selective YBa2Cu3O7-δ coating via sol–gel route in order to optimize their optical properties

SiC-based materials are good candidates for the application as solar receivers except concerning their optical properties. Indeed, considering the use at high temperature, materials used as solar receivers have to efficiently absorb the visible-near infrared waves (corresponding to solar spectral range) and simultaneously reflect the mid and far-infrared rays but SiC is absorbent in all the whole visible-infrared spectral domain. In this challenging work, a suitable YBa2Cu3O7-δ oxide which can present appropriate optical properties is studied. It was synthesized following a sol–gel route and it was obtained with a high level of purity. YBa2Cu3O7-δ pellets were realized and heat treated at different temperatures revealing that the higher the heat treatment is, the better the oxygen stoichiometry (7-δ) is and the smoothest the surface is. This directly acts on the YBa2Cu3O7-δ optical properties. Considering these results, an YBa2Cu3O7-δ coating was realized on SiC pellets by dip-coating. A homogenous and covering layer of about 10 μm was obtained presenting very promising optical properties which were predominant in the FIR-MIR range whereas absorptance was increased in NIR-visible range

Ni tout l'un, ni tout l'autre : rencontres, métissages et ethnogenèse au Saguenay - Lac-Saint-Jean aux 16e et 17e siècles

La présente thèse s’inscrit dans le mouvement de recherche en ethnogenèse métisse qui se déploie ces dernières années dans les milieux universitaires en sciences humaines et sociales au Canada et – dans une moindre mesure - aux États-Unis. Ce mouvement a pour objectif d’expliquer le processus par lequel de nouvelles communautés de Métis ont émergé au fil de l’histoire alors que colons et autochtones sont entrés en contact en sol nord-américain. Le cheminement proposé par cette étude consiste à utiliser les différents outils conceptuels et méthodologiques propres à ce mouvement de recherche et à les adapter à un contexte historique nouveau, en l’occurrence l’histoire du Saguenay – Lac-Saint-Jean durant les 16e et 17e siècles. Le choix de ce cadre spatio-temporel trouve son intérêt dans le fait qu’il a constitué le théâtre de rencontres régulières et prolongées entre colons et autochtones, ces deux groupes s’étant engagés dans de profonds processus de métissage entre eux –autant au niveau culturel que généalogique- pendant plusieurs générations. L’étude explore ainsi ces processus depuis l’époque des premières visites des marins européens sur le littoral du fleuve Saint-Laurent jusqu’à celle où les habitants de la colonie instaurent un réseau de postes de traite qui s’enfonce dans le territoire forestier. Elle n’est ni une histoire de la population amérindienne, ni une histoire de la population coloniale présente dans la région : elle prend pour objet central le métissage s’étant opéré entre ces deux groupes ainsi que ses résultantes identitaires durant les deux premiers siècles de leurs rencontres. Plus qu’une simple étude de cas régionale, la présente thèse s’intéresse au fonctionnement même des processus d’ethnogenèse métisse et aux facteurs contextuels fondamentaux qui induisent ou inhibent ces phénomènes identitaires. Elle se conclut sur une série de constats qui permettent de comprendre et d’expliquer pourquoi, dans certaines conditions, il peut y avoir absence d’ethnogenèse d’une nouvelle communauté métisse dans un contexte où il y a pourtant de profonds mécanismes de métissages entre deux groupes sur une période historique prolongée. Comprendre pourquoi une ethnogenèse métisse ne s’enclenche pas apparait aussi important que de comprendre pourquoi elle s’enclenche.This thesis is linked to the actual research movement on Métis ethnogenesis, which is getting in vogue since few years in the faculties of Social Sciences and Humanities of many universities in Canada and – to a lesser scale – United States. The aim of this research movement is to identify the process by which Métis communities (resulting from the contacts between European settlers and Aboriginal peoples) came into being during the North American history. This thesis uses the conceptual and methodological tools of this research movement and adapts them to a new historical context, that is to say the Saguenay – Lac-Saint-Jean region during the 16th and the 17th centuries. The choice of this spatio-temporal frame is based on the fact that it has been the scene of regular and prolonged meetings between Europeans settlers and Aboriginal peoples. For generations in that historical context, these two populations have been engaged into a profound process of intermixing (or métissage) at both genealogical and cultural levels. This work exposes what this process was, from its beginning when the first European sailors came on the banks of the Saint-Lawrence up to the time where the inhabitants of the French colony started to establish a fur trade posts network in the forest of the region. It is neither a history of the aboriginal peoples of the Saguenay – Lac-Saint-Jean region, nor a history of its settlers: it takes as its main object the intermixing process of these two populations and its result within the two first centuries of their encounters. More than just a case study, this thesis analyses the very fundamental mechanisms by which ethnogenesis processes work, and identify some of the contextual factors that induce and inhibit these phenomena. Its ultimate achievement is to suggest researchers tools that are intended to help explaining why, in certain historical contexts, there can be no ethnogenesis process even though there is a lot of métissage between two cultural groups for a long period of time. At the end of this thesis, to understand why an ethnogenesis process doesn’t occur appears as important as to understand why it does

Prediction of thermal radiative properties (300–1000 K) of La2NiO4+δ ceramics.

A multiscale numerical model is developed to predict the thermal radiative properties (TRP) of rough La2NiO4+δ coatings. The model integrates intrinsic and extrinsic contributions related to the chemical composition and the texture, respectively. High-temperature infrared reflectivity and thermogravimetric measurements on a La2NiO4+δ single crystal make it possible to understand the role of the excess oxygen in the intrinsic TRP. We show that dense ceramics with thicknesses higher than 4 μm are optically thick, and that one can adjust the surface roughness parameters to predict their TRP

Study Protocol: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Patient Navigation-Activation to Reduce Cancer Health Disparities

Abstract Background Cancer health disparities affecting low-income and minority patients are well documented. Root-causes are multifactorial, including diagnostic and treatment delays, social and financial barriers, and poor communication. Patient navigation and communication coaching (activation) are potential interventions to address disparities in cancer treatment. The purpose of this clinical trial is to test the effectiveness of an intervention combining patient navigation and activation to improve cancer treatment. Methods/Design The Rochester Patient Navigation Research Program (PNRP) is a National Cancer Institute-sponsored, patient-level randomized trial (RCT) of patient navigation and activation, targeting newly-diagnosed breast and colorectal cancer patients in Rochester, NY. The goal of the program is to decrease cancer health disparities by addressing barriers to receipt of cancer care and promoting patient self-efficacy. The intervention uses trained, paraprofessional patient navigators recruited from the target community, and a detailed training and supervisory program. Recruited patients are randomly assigned to receive either usual care (except for baseline and follow-up questionnaires and interviews) or intervention. The intervention patients receive tailored assistance from their patient navigators, including phone calls, in-person meetings, and behind-the-scenes coordination of care. A total of 344 patients have been recruited. Outcomes measured at three month intervals include timeliness of care, patient adherence, patient satisfaction, quality of life, self-efficacy, health literacy, and cancer knowledge. Discussion This unique intervention combining patient navigation and patient activation is designed to address the multifactorial problem of cancer health disparities. If successful, this study will affect the design and implementation of patient navigation programs. Trials Registration clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00496678http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78254/1/1471-2407-10-551.xmlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78254/2/1471-2407-10-551.pdfPeer Reviewe

Far-and mid-infrared properties of carbon layers elaborated by plasma sputtering

International audienceThe far-and mid-infrared reflectivity spectra of two carbon layers deposited on pure (100) silicon substrates by DC magnetron sputtering were investigated at room temperature in the 10-5000 cm-1 wavenumber range. Their structural and textural features were also studied by combining Raman spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), X-Ray Reflectivity (XRR) and Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS). The set of results was used to discuss afterwards the influence of the texture on the infrared properties at varying length scale. Thereby, the two layers were found to be heterogeneous as assessed by RBS, XRR and FESEM and their thicknesses had been measured by XRR and FESEM. The information on the structural organization and " crystallite " size was given by Raman spectroscopy. The influence of both the textural and structural parameters on the measured infrared reflectivity spectra was discussed. Finally, a methodology was proposed to recover the intrinsic index of refraction and the intrinsic index of absorption of each layer

Quality of life in patients with locked-in syndrome: Evolution over a 6-year period

International audienceBackground: Improved knowledge of the quality of life (QoL) of locked-in syndrome (LIS) patients have implications for managing their care, and assists clinicians in choosing the most appropriate interventions. We performed a survey of a population of LIS patients to describe the course of the QoL of LIS patients over a 6-year period and to determine the potential predictive factors of QoL changes over time. Method: This is a study performed over a 6-year period in patients with a LIS diagnosis. Questionnaires were sent in 2007 and 2013. The following data were recorded: i) sociodemographic data; ii) clinical data related to LIS, physical/handicap status, psychological status; iii) self-reported QoL: Anamnestic Comparative Self-Assessment (ACSA); iv) Integration in life: French Reintegration to Normal Living Index (RNLI). Results: Among the 67 patients included in 2007, 39 (58 %) patients returned their questionnaire in 2013. The LIS etiology was stroke in 51 individuals. The QoL of the patients was relatively satisfactory compared to populations in other severe conditions. Twenty-one (70 %) individuals reported a stable/improved QoL between 2007 and 2013. The physical/handicap statuses in 2007 and 2013 were not related to the QoL 6 years later, with the exception of one communication parameter: the individuals who used yes-no code reported significantly lower QoL levels than those who did not in 2013. Discussion: In opposition to a widespread opinion, LIS persons report a relatively satisfactory QoL level that stays stable over time, suggesting that life with LIS is worth living. Preservation of autonomy and communication may help them to live as normal life as possible