80 research outputs found

    L’oracle de Delphes : quelques mises au point

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    Cet article a pour but d’offrir un bilan clair des connaissances archéologiques actuelles sur l’aménagement intérieur du temple d’Apollon à Delphes, où se déroulait la consultation de l’oracle. Trois temples (au moins) se sont succédé à Delphes. Le premier fut détruit en 548 av. n.è. Le second, achevé avant l’an 500, fut détruit dans les années 370. Le troisième, terminé vers 330, vécut jusqu’à l’Antiquité tardive. On ne possède aucune donnée archéologique sur l’aménagement intérieur des deux premiers. Le troisième est un peu moins mal connu, grâce aux travaux récents de P. Amandry et E. Hansen. La cella était divisée en deux parties inégales par une barrière ou une cloison dont on ne sait si elle était assez haute pour arrêter la vue. La seconde partie de la cella, où devait se trouver l’adyton, n’était que partiellement dallée : il faut imaginer un sol en terre battue, mais au même niveau que les dallages, sans local souterrain.The aim of this paper is to offer a clear assessment of the archaeological information available to date regarding the interior fitting of the Apollo temple in Delphi, where the oracle was consulted. Three temples (at least) existed successively in Delphi. The first temple was destroyed in 548 BC. The second, completed before 500, was destroyed in the 370s. The third, completed around 330, remained in existence until Late Antiquity. We do not have any archaeological data about the interior fitting of the first two buildings. The third temple is slightly better known, thanks to the recent work of P. Amandry and E. Hansen. The cella was divided into two unequal parts by a barrier or a partition wall; we do not know whether this was high enough to block the view. The second part of the cella, where the adyton must have been located, was only partly paved: we can imagine a clay floor, but at the same level as the paving, without any underground room

    Plasmodium falciparum Gametocyte Carriage Is Associated with Subsequent Plasmodium vivax Relapse after Treatment

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    Mixed P. falciparum/P. vivax infections are common in southeast Asia. When patients with P. falciparum malaria are treated and followed for several weeks, a significant proportion will develop P. vivax malaria. In a combined analysis of 243 patients recruited to two malaria treatment trials in western Cambodia, 20/43 (47%) of those with P. falciparum gametocytes on admission developed P. vivax malaria by Day 28 of follow-up. The presence of Pf gametocytes on an initial blood smear was associated with a 3.5-fold greater rate of vivax parasitemia post-treatment (IRR = 3.5, 95% CI 2.0–6.0, p<0.001). The increased rate of post-treatment P. vivax infection persisted when correlates of exposure and immunity such as a history of malaria, male gender, and age were controlled for (IRR = 3.0, 95% CI 1.9–4.7, p<0.001). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed that only a low proportion of subjects (5/55 or 9.1%) who developed vivax during follow-up had detectable Pv parasites in the peripheral blood at baseline. Molecular detection of falciparum gametocytes by reverse transcriptase PCR in a subset of patients strengthened the observed association, while PCR detection of Pv parasitemia at follow-up was similar to microscopy results. These findings suggest that the majority of vivax infections arising after treatment of falciparum malaria originate from relapsing liver-stage parasites. In settings such as western Cambodia, the presence of both sexual and asexual forms of P. falciparum on blood smear at presentation with acute falciparum malaria serves as a marker for possible occult P. vivax coinfection and subsequent relapse. These patients may benefit from empiric treatment with an 8-aminoquinolone such as primaquine

    Detecting Foci of Malaria Transmission with School Surveys: A Pilot Study in the Gambia.

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    BACKGROUND: In areas of declining malaria transmission such as in The Gambia, the identification of malaria infected individuals becomes increasingly harder. School surveys may be used to identify foci of malaria transmission in the community. METHODS: The survey was carried out in May-June 2011, before the beginning of the malaria transmission season. Thirty two schools in the Upper River Region of The Gambia were selected with probability proportional to size; in each school approximately 100 children were randomly chosen for inclusion in the study. Each child had a finger prick blood sample collected for the determination of antimalarial antibodies by ELISA, malaria infection by microscopy and PCR, and for haemoglobin measurement. In addition, a simple questionnaire on socio-demographic variables and the use of insecticide-treated bed nets was completed. The cut-off for positivity for antimalarial antibodies was obtained using finite mixture models. The clustered nature of the data was taken into account in the analyses. RESULTS: A total of 3,277 children were included in the survey. The mean age was 10 years (SD = 2.7) [range 4-21], with males and females evenly distributed. The prevalence of malaria infection as determined by PCR was 13.6% (426/3124) [95% CI = 12.2-16.3] with marked variation between schools (range 3-25%, p<0.001), while the seroprevalence was 7.8% (234/2994) [95%CI = 6.4-9.8] for MSP119, 11.6% (364/2997) [95%CI = 9.4-14.5] for MSP2, and 20.0% (593/2973) [95% CI = 16.5-23.2) for AMA1. The prevalence of all the three antimalarial antibodies positive was 2.7% (79/2920). CONCLUSIONS: This survey shows that malaria prevalence and seroprevalence before the transmission season were highly heterogeneous

    Les oracles grecs recouraient-ils habituellement à l’ambiguïté volontaire ?

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    For the sake of clarity, I call here « Greek oracles » the Greek oracular sanctuaries (Delphi, Dodona, Claros, Didyma…), and not the responses emanating or said to emanate from a Greek oracle, which in French and English may also be called « oracles ». My point of view in this paper is neither linguistic nor literary but historical (if this is not too big a word…) : I do not ask by what processes the Greek oracles created ambiguity ; neither do I ask whether the recourse to ambiguity was part of the image of the Greek oracles in the ancient authors (to this question the response is obviously positive) ; I ask whether in reality the Greek oracles habitually used voluntary ambiguity. To this question I propose a negative answer : the abundance, in the authors, of ambiguous responses attributed to the oracles is a fact, and the existence of ambiguous responses is certain, but I think that in reality these responses were rare.Par souci de clarté, j’appelle ici « oracles grecs » les sanctuaires oraculaires grecs (Delphes, Dodone, Claros, Didymes…), et non pas les réponses émanant ou censées émaner d’un oracle grec, réponses que l’usage, en français, permet aussi d’appeler des « oracles ». Mon point de vue, dans cet exposé, ne sera ni linguistique, ni littéraire, il sera (si le mot n’est pas trop gros…) historique : je ne me demanderai pas par quels procédés les oracles grecs créaient l’ambiguïté ; je ne me demanderai pas non plus si le recours à l’ambiguïté fait partie, chez les auteurs anciens, de l’image des oracles grecs (à cette question, la réponse est évidemment positive) ; je me demanderai si, dans la réalité, les oracles grecs recouraient habituellement à l’ambiguïté volontaire. À cette question, je proposerai une réponse négative : l’abondance, chez les auteurs, des réponses oraculaires ambiguës est un fait, l’existence, dans la réalité, de réponses ambiguës est certaine, mais je pense que, dans la réalité, ces réponses étaient rares.Rougemont Georges. Les oracles grecs recouraient-ils habituellement à l’ambiguïté volontaire ?. In: Les jeux et les ruses de l’ambiguïté volontaire dans les textes grecs et latins. Actes de la Table Ronde organisée à la Faculté des Lettres de l'Université Lumière-Lyon 2 (23-24 novembre 2000) Lyon : Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux, 2005. pp. 219-235. (Collection de la Maison de l'Orient méditerranéen ancien. Série philologique, 33

    GĂ©ographie Historique des Cyclades. L'homme et le milieu dans l'archipel

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    Rougemont Georges. Géographie Historique des Cyclades. L'homme et le milieu dans l'archipel. In: Journal des savants, 1990, n°3-4. pp. 199-220

    Ch. Habicht, Athènes hellénistique. Histoire de la cité d'Alexandre à Marc Antoine, traduit par M. et D. Knœpfler, 2000

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    Rougemont Georges. Ch. Habicht, Athènes hellénistique. Histoire de la cité d'Alexandre à Marc Antoine, traduit par M. et D. Knœpfler, 2000. In: Topoi, volume 10/2, 2000. pp. 465-467

    D. Rousset, Le territoire de Delphes et la terre dĘĽApollon, Paris (2002)

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    Rougemont Georges. D. Rousset, Le territoire de Delphes et la terre dĘĽApollon, Paris (2002). In: Topoi, volume 14/2, 2006. pp. 477-491

    Patrice Brun, Les archipels égéens dans l'Antiquité grecque (Ve-IIe siècles av. notre ère) (Annales Littéraires de l'Université de Franche-Comté 616, Centre de Recherches d'Histoire Ancienne 157) (1996)

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    Rougemont Georges. Patrice Brun, Les archipels égéens dans l'Antiquité grecque (Ve-IIe siècles av. notre ère) (Annales Littéraires de l'Université de Franche-Comté 616, Centre de Recherches d'Histoire Ancienne 157) (1996). In: Topoi, volume 8/1, 1998. pp. 357-360

    Les inscriptions grecques d’Iran et d’Asie centrale. Bilinguismes, interférences culturelles, colonisation

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    Rougemont Georges. Les inscriptions grecques d’Iran et d’Asie centrale. Bilinguismes, interférences culturelles, colonisation. In: Journal des savants, 2012, n°1. pp. 3-27
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