233 research outputs found

    The Camera and Man

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    The Cinema of the Future?

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    The Situation and Tendencies of the Cinema in Africa

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    Sacrifice et transfert des Ăąmes chez les Songhay du Niger

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    La description de trois sacrifices chez les Songhay sert Ă  tester l’application du schĂ©ma sacrificiel proposĂ© par Marcel Griaule. Le premier est le sacrifice d’un taurillon Ă  un gĂ©nie de la montagne. Dans le deuxiĂšme, il s’agit du sacrifice annuel de l’ouverture de la saison des pluies, destinĂ© Ă  sceller l’alliance entre les hommes et les gĂ©nies du ciel. Les prĂȘtres sacrifient un bĂ©lier blanc Ă  une divinitĂ©, le serpent arc-en-ciel, reprĂ©sentĂ©e par un arbre fourchu. Le troisiĂšme sacrifice ne s’adresse pas Ă  une puissance surnaturelle mais s’effectue contre elle, le but Ă©tant de voler l’ñme d’un dĂ©funt Ă  Dieu afin de crĂ©er un nouvel autel douĂ© de force vitale. Lorsqu’il s’agit d’un guerrier, les morceaux de son cadavre peuvent servir de charmes.Three Songhai sacrifices are used to test the application of Marcel Griaule’s sacrificial paradigm. The first involves the sacrifice of a bull calf to the spirit of the mountain. The second is the yearly sacrifice opening the rainy season with the goal of sealing an alliance between people and divinities: priests sacrifice a white ram to the rainbow serpent, represented by a forked tree. The third sacrifice is not addressed to a supernatural power but is performed against it, the goal being to steal a deceased person’s soul from God in order to create a new altar endowed with life-force. When the deceased is a warrior, pieces of the corpse might be used as talismans

    Intervertebral disc characterization by shear wave elastography: an in-vitro preliminary study

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    Patient-specific numerical simulation of the spine is a useful tool both in clinic and research. While geometrical personalization of the spine is no more an issue, thanks to recent technological advances, non-invasive personalization of soft tissue’s mechanical properties remains a challenge. Ultrasound elastography is a relatively recent measurement technique allowing the evaluation of soft tissue’s elastic modulus through the measurement of shear wave speed (SWS). The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of elastographic measurements in intervertebral disc (IVD). An in-vitro approach was chosen to test the hypothesis that SWS can be used to evaluate IVD mechanical properties and to assess measurement repeatability. Eleven oxtail IVDs were tested in compression to determine their stiffness and apparent elastic modulus at rest and at 400 N. Elastographic measurements were performed in these two conditions and compared to these mechanical parameters. The protocol was repeated six times to determine elastographic measurement repeatability. Average SWS over all samples was 5.3 ± 1.0 m/s, with a repeatability of 7 % at rest and 4.6 % at 400 N; stiffness and apparent elastic modulus were 266.3 ± 70.5 N/mm and 5.4 ± 1.1 MPa at rest, respectively, while at 400 N they were 781.0 ± 153.8 N/mm and 13.2 ± 2.4 MPa. Correlations were found between elastographic measurements and IVD mechanical properties; these preliminary results are promising for further in-vivo application.The authors are grateful to the ParisTech BiomecAM chair program on subject-specific musculoskeletal modelling for funding (with the support of Proteor, ParisTech and Yves Cotrel Foundations)

    Les usages du temps libéré

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    International audienceNotre recherche sur les usages du temps libĂ©rĂ© s'est insĂ©rĂ©e dans le programme du pĂŽle travail-nĂ©gociation-temps du CERTOP (UMR 5044 du CNRS). Elle avait comme objectif de rĂ©unir un certain nombre de chercheurs autour de la question des usages du temps. Il s'agissait d'une part de faire un bilan sur l'usage des formes d'apparition du temps libĂ©rĂ© du travail et il s'agissait d'autre part de contribuer au renouvellement des mĂ©thodologies d'analyse des temps sociaux. Nous avons donc engagĂ© une recherche Ă  trois volets examinant trois formes temporelles du temps libĂ©rĂ© : les 35 heures, le temps partiel et la retraite.La premiĂšre recherche nous conduit dans l'univers de la production aĂ©ronautique. En interrogeant les salariĂ©s de deux entreprises sur ce thĂšme, nous avons tentĂ© de retracer l'espace de leurs reprĂ©sentations temporelles. C'est-Ă -dire nous avons voulu savoir ce qui prĂ©side leur choix et leur positionnement individuel sur le temps de travail. Pour ce faire nous avons traitĂ© par logiciel plusieurs centaines de pages d'entretien par une analyse du discours et par une analyse factorielle des correspondances. Le rĂ©sultat de ce traitement montre que l'espace des reprĂ©sentations temporelles comporte trois dimensions : la premiĂšre concerne la tension entre les contraintes professionnelles et le bien-ĂȘtre personnel, la seconde renvoient les reprĂ©sentations aux contextes locaux fournis par les deux entreprises et la troisiĂšme dimension nous renvoie Ă  l'opposition entre rythme individuel et rythmes collectifs. De maniĂšre gĂ©nĂ©rale et du point de vue des reprĂ©sentations, nous constatons que les 35 heures n'ont pas permis de rĂ©duire l'opposition entre vie professionnelle et vie privĂ©e. Il nous semble plutĂŽt que l'analyse nous indique une recherche d'une individualisation, synonyme d'une recherche d'autonomie temporelle en dehors de la nĂ©gociation collective incarnant la soumission aux contraintes professionnelles.La seconde recherche nous emmĂšne vers les usages du travail Ă  temps partiel, davantage centrĂ© sur les pratiques d'investissement du temps libĂ©rĂ©. Il s'agissait d'accompagner les individus dans une description de leur emploi du temps Ă  l'aide de carnets remplis avec l'enquĂȘteur. Ces carnets permettent d'une part de retracer l'ensemble des activitĂ©s tout en laissant un espace d'expression Ă  la formalisation choisie par nos interlocuteurs. Le carnet et la maniĂšre de le remplir fournissent d'autre part le cadre Ă  un entretien approfondi sur les pratiques temporelles. Le choix des individus Ă  temps partiel inclut ici des professions comme les caissiĂšres, mais aussi des enseignants, des infirmiers et les professions libĂ©rales. Le rĂ©sultat principal de cette dĂ©marche constitue des maniĂšres de « vivre » le temps partiels, appelĂ©es les « chrono-styles » reprenant la formule de Baudrillard Ă  propos des socio-styles. L'analyse a fait Ă©merger quatre chrono-styles du travail Ă  temps partiel : le temps de la parentalitĂ©, le temps du multi-investissement, le temps pour soi et le temps de la vocation. Au total les chrono-styles montrent la diversitĂ© des approches du temps partiel loin de la victimisation traditionnelle de ces emplois. Le travail Ă  temps partiel nĂ©cessite nĂ©anmoins Ă  chaque fois une recomposition de l'emploi du temps par les individus. A dĂ©faut de cette recomposition essentielle, le vĂ©cu du temps libĂ©rĂ© induirait des chronopathies.Notre dernier volet nous amĂšne Ă  l'analyse du passage Ă  la retraite. A l'aide d'entretiens biographiques nous avons suivi 10 personnes pour comprendre ce qui se joue du point de vue des temporalitĂ©s sociales au passage Ă  la retraite. Nous avons vu dans tous les cas que la rupture que reprĂ©sente le passage Ă  la retraite, est prĂ©cĂ©dĂ©e par des ruptures antĂ©rieures, repĂ©rables dans les trajectoires de vie : mise cause professionnelle, mort d'un proche, divorce, dĂ©mĂ©nagement. Bien que la retraite reprĂ©sente l'exclusion dĂ©finitive de la sphĂšre professionnelle, nos interrogĂ©s ont appris Ă  gĂ©rer les ruptures de trajectoires dans le passĂ©. La situation n'est donc pas complĂštement nouvelle. Si elle l'est, les retraitĂ©s ont nĂ©anmoins des ressources et des savoirs disponibles pour gĂ©rer le passage Ă  la retraite. Il n'est donc pas Ă©tonnant que nous nous retrouvions avec des personnes dynamiques, maintenant une diversitĂ© d'activitĂ©s lors de leur passage Ă  la retraite. On assiste chez tous Ă  l'expression d'un sentiment de libertĂ© en opposition avec la contrainte du temps de travail. Il s'agit bien d'un moment «souhaitĂ© », d'une vĂ©ritable libĂ©ration des contraintes professionnelles.NĂ©anmoins nous constatons aussi une difficultĂ© de vivre cette libertĂ© selon des modĂšles diffĂ©rents d'une articulation entre les temps sociaux centrĂ©e sur le temps de travail. En effet, nous pouvions avoir l'impression que certaines des activitĂ©s effectuĂ©es ont pour le sujet le sens d'une activitĂ© de « remplissage », d'une « peur du vide » mĂȘme en effectuant des activitĂ©s associatives « socialement reconnues »

    Characterisation of 3D porous macrostructure of hollow fibre membranes using X-ray tomography-effects of some spinning process conditions

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    The presence of pores larger than a micron, known as macrovoids, in polymeric membranes is particular lydetrimental for membrane structural integrity and mechanical properties. The theoretical modelling and physical understanding of the mechanisms of initiation and growth of the macrovoids, notably in order to determine processing conditions that would allow to make macrovoids free membranes, have been the subject of a vast literature and a restill controversial. However, experimental data on macrovoids, that could help to discriminate between several ideas are scarce and have been essentially obtained using 2D imaging systems. A very large number of observations are then needed to obtain statistically significant results and the limitation to 2D images does not permitto access to an accurate description of the macroporous structure. In this work, anX-raytomography system was used to image the 3D porous structure of hollow fibre membranes with a spatial resolution of one micron. Image analysis tools have been developed to accurately characterise them acrovoid shapes and spatial distribution on the membrane outer and inner skins as a function of some of the spinning process conditions (concentration of solvent into the bore and airgap length). The main purpose is there fore to quantify effects of some processing conditions on the macroporous structure of a hollow fibre membrane. Also, such an accurate characterisation of the macrovoids spatial distribution and 3D shape, as well as their variations with the process experimental conditions, help to shed light on macrovoids initiation and growth mechanisms

    Membrane modules for CO2 capture based on PVDF hollow fibers with ionic liquids immobilized

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    Hollow fiber membrane contactors with ionic liquids are promising alternatives to traditional spray towers and amines for carbon dioxide absorption. Ionic liquids have emerged as new alternative solvents because of their zero emission features compared with amines. The aim of this work was to compare fibers based on PVDF and different additives, as well as fibers including two different ionic liquids. On the one hand, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate [emim][EtSO4] presents physical absorption, and on the other hand, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [emim][Ac] presents chemical absorption. To compare the fibers under study, the thickness of the composite fiber was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties and the bubble point were also evaluated. Permeability tests were conducted, and the gas permeation of the composite hollow fibers was measured using pure CO2. Laboratory-made stainless steel modules were used for the tests. All of the above tests were performed with the fibers in both wet and dry conditions. It was determined that the fibers with the ionic liquid immobilized would be promising for CO2 capture because the CO2 permeance significantly increased. Namely, D+[emim][EtSO4] achieved a 43% increase compared with the fibers without the addition of the ionic liquid, resulting in a CO2 permeance value of 57040NL/(hm2bar), which is higher than the values reported in the literature for PVDF. Moreover, the overall mass transfer coefficient for CO2 capture using the D+[emim][Ac] fibers also presented highly competitive values.This research has been funded by the Spanish Ministry Economy and Competitiveness (Projects ENE2010-14828 and CTQ2013-48280-C3-1-R)

    Hollow-fiber coating: application to preparation of composite hollow-fiber membrane for gas separation

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    Among the available membranes, dense polymer composite hollow-fiber membranes are promising for gas permeation applications coupled with the use of gas/liquid contactors, but they are also used in other membrane processes such as pervaporation. This study focuses on a coating process, starting from a polymer solution, to control the thickness and regularity of the coated polymer. The thickness of the liquid film coated onto a fiber is related to the coating velocity, the physical and chemical properties of the liquid, and the coating geometry. Depending on the dominating forces, several regimes are defined: two unstable regimes, in which a thin and regular polymer layer cannot be produced, and two stable regimes, which are of interest for reaching our objectives at the laboratory or industrial scale. The theoretical laws were compared to experimental coatings with solutions of poly(trimethylsilyl)propyne (PTMSP) dissolved in cyclohexane coated onto poly(ether sulfone) (PES) hollow fibers. The viscosities, surface tensions, and densities of the solutions used were measured. The experimental thicknesses of coated polymer layers were compared to values calculated from Landau’s law, which describes the thickness behavior in the viscocapillary regime. The results showed good behavior agreement, but the experimental thickness was underestimated by the calculations. Four different kinds of composite membranes were prepared using two different porous supports (MicroPES and Oxyphan) and two different permeable polymers (PTMSP and Teflon AF2400) for coating. The obtained composites hollow fibers were characterized. All four presented low-energy surfaces with no wetting phenomena. They also exhibited high CO2 and N2 permeabilities with CO2/N2 selectivities between 3.4 and 2.5. The mechanical properties of the composites remained stable except for composites based on PES affected by the drying step during the coating process
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