Floristic survey of Gesneriaceae of the municipality Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil

Este trabalho consiste do tratamento taxonômico e de uma análise da distribuição geográfica das Gesneriaceae no município de Santa Teresa (19°56 10 S e 40°36 06 W), Espírito Santo, Brasil. Além do exame detalhado da coleção das Gesneriaceae já registrada no acervo do herbário MBML, coletas complementares foram executadas, mensalmente, de fevereiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2009, no município de Santa Teresa, ES, em áreas de preservação ou em remanescentes de vegetação bem conservada situados em propriedades particulares. As amostras consistiram em ramos férteis ou estéreis, e foram depositadas no herbário VIC, da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, com duplicatas no herbário MBML. A identificação das espécies ocorreu por meio de literatura taxonômica, auxílio de especialistas e comparação de exsicatas do herbário MBML. Foram elaboradas chaves para identificação de gêneros e espécies, além de comentários taxonômicos, de fenologia, ecologia, distribuição e confeccionadas ilustrações para cada espécie. O número de espécies encontrado na área de estudo totalizou 24, distribuídas em 6 gêneros. Sinningia Nees. constitui o gênero mais diverso (9 spp.), seguido de Nematanthus Schard. (7 spp.). Nematanthus crassifolius (Schott) Wiehler e Sinningia villosa Lindl. possuem o maior número de amostras ocorrendo em diferentes localidades e microhabitats do município. Das espécies estudadas foram estabelecidos seis padrões de distribuição: Columnea sanguinea (Pers.) Steud. apresenta distribuição Neotropical (1%), e as espécies restantes ocorrem exclusivamente no Brasil (99%). O padrão "Brasil Sudeste" é o mais freqüente (33% das espécies). Cinco espécies são endêmicas para o estado do ES, e uma nova espécie, em fase de publicação, é restrita ao município de Santa Teresa. Os táxons estudados habitam os biomas: Floresta Atlântica, Floresta Amazônica, Cerrado e Caatinga, sendo que 67 % (16) destes táxons são exclusivos da Floresta Atlântica. Os resultados deste revelam que o município de Santa Teresa, além de ter sido considerado como umas das áreas piloto da Reserva da Biosfera da Floresta Atlântica no Espírito Santo, consiste também em reduto de diversidade e endemismo de espécies de Gesneriaceae para o estado do Espírito Santo e para a região de sudeste do Brasil.This work comprises a taxonomic treatment and an analysis of the geographical distribution of the family Gesneriaceae in Santa Teresa (19°56'10"S and 40°36'06"W), Espírito Santo, Brazil. Besides a detailed survey of the already existing collection of Gesneriaceae hold by the MBML herbarium, additional field collections were conducted monthly, from February 2009 to January 2010, in Santa Teresa, ES, in areas under official preservation and in well kept remnants located in private properties. The samples consisted of fertile or sterile branches, and were deposited in the herbarium VIC, Federal University of Viçosa, with duplicates in the herbarium MBML. The identification were based on taxonomic literature, experts collaboration and comparison with specimens at the herbarium MBML. Identification keys to genera and species were elaborated, followed by comments about taxonomy, phenology, ecology and distribution. Each species was illustraded. The study revealed 24 species, distributed in six genera. Sinningia Nees. is the most diverse genus (9 spp.) followed by Nematanthus Schard. (7 spp.). Nematanthus crassifolius (Schott) Wiehler and Sinningia villosa Lindl. were the most frequently encountered taxa, as they occur in different localities and microhabitats of the municipality. Among the species studied, six distribution patterns were established: Columnea sanguinea (Pers.) Steud. presents a Neotropical distribution (1%), and the remaining species occur exclusively in Brazil (99%). The pattern "endemic Southeast" is the most frequent (representing 33% of the species), five species are endemic to the state of the ES and a new species (publication submitted), is restricted to Santa Teresa. Studied taxa inhabiting biomes: Atlantic Forest, Amazon Forest, Cerrado and Caatinga, and 67% (16) of these taxa are unique to the Atlantic Forest. The results of this show that the municipality of Santa Teresa, and has been regarded as one of the pilot areas of the Biosphere Reserve of the Atlantic Forest in Espírito Santo, is also a stronghold of diversity and endemism of species of Gesneriaceae from the state of Espirito Santo and the region of southeastern Brazil.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

Sinningia stapelioides Chautems & M. Peixoto 2019, spec. nova

<p> <i>Sinningia stapelioides</i> Chautems & M. Peixoto, <b>spec. nova</b></p> <p>(Fig. 2D, 5).</p> <p> <b>Holotypus: [BRAZIL. Espírito Santo]:</b> cult. in CJBG under Acc. nº AC-3518 originating from Pancas, Pedra da Agulha, 17.I.2012, fl., <i>A. Chautems 555</i> (VIES!; iso-: G spirit!).</p> <p> <i>Sinningia stapelioides resembles S. defoliata (Malme) Chautems, S. helioana Chautems & Rossini and S. tuberosa (Mart.) H.E. Moore in having inflorescences and leaves arising separately and successively from the tuber with rarely more than one leaf blade produced by a petiole-like stem. It differs however by a pauciflorous inflorescence with distinctive flowers having a large (5–6 cm) tubular-campanulate corolla, dull red orange outside with a peculiar throat that is greenishcream with a dense network of vinaceous streaks that extends on the inner face of the lobes (vs long, up to 3–4 cm, tubular and bright red corollas).</i></p> <p> <i>Herb</i>, arising from perennial tuber, saxicolous; tuber spheroidal, 4–12 cm in diam., leaves and inflorescences produced separately and successively, 1- rarely 2-petiole-like stems, obliquely arising from the tuber upper surface, 4–12 cm long, 3–4 mm in diam., vinaceous, pubescent, blade attachment swollen abaxially, 1–2 pairs of linear-lanceolate bracts just below blade insertion. <i>Leaves</i> forming an angle of nearly 90° with the petiole-like stem, usually reduced to one large blade at maturity (during first growing cycle from seed seedlings produce 2–3 pairs of opposite leaves, followed on subsequent growing cycles from tuber by a phase with a second and small leaf blade, 1–5 mm long, produced in opposite position), ovate (3–)9–24 (– 36) × (1–)4–11(– 18) cm, apex acute-acuminate, base shortly attenuate to truncate, green above, green or reddish beneath, finely puberulous-velutinous, margin slightly crenate, 10–15 pairs of veins. <i>Inflorescences</i> organized in well-developed pairflowered cymes of 1–3 flowers borne on a peduncle, 5–8 cm long, 1–2 mm in diam., greenish to vinaceous, emerging from 1–2 points of the tuber upper surface, bracts linear, 1–2 mm long. <i>Flowers</i> nodding, borne on pedicels, 2–4 cm long, greenish to vinaceous, puberulous. <i>Calyx</i> campanulate, sepals fused at base for 2– 3 mm, narrowly triangular, 13–15 × 6– 7 mm, wide at base, greenish to reddish, margin entire, puberulous. <i>Corolla</i> slightly oblique in the calyx, tubular, 5– 6 cm long, nectary chamber composed of 5 swellings, green, 9–10 mm wide at base, tube enlarged then towards the middle reaching 16–20 mm in diam., vinaceous in bud, dull red orange outside (RHS color chart # 35 B-C) at maturity, puberulous with simple and glandular trichomes, lobes 9–10 × 18–20 mm, throat cream to greenish towards bottom, lobes spreading with a network of vinaceous streaks and dots on inner face. <i>Stamens</i> 4, included, filaments ca. 50 mm, greenish, glabrous, anthers coherent, star-shaped, pollen cream; nectary formed of five glands, equals in size, greenish; ovary vinaceous, style included, 40– 50 mm long, vinaceous, puberulent, stigma greenish. <i>Fruit</i> a capsule, subulate at the apex, dark brown at maturity, 14–18 × 9–11 mm, seeds ellipsoid, 7–9 mm long.</p> <p> <i>Etymology</i>. – The specific epithet refers to the color pattern of the corolla that resembles flowers of some members of the genus <i>Stapelia</i> L. <i>(Apocynaceae).</i></p> <p> <i>Distribution and ecology</i>. – Only known so far from the type locality in the region of the “Pontões Capixabas”, an area classified as National Monument around the small town of Pancas, in the northern part of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil (Fig. 1). The area is famous for large rock inselbergs, some reaching several hundred meters in height. A few tubers were observed growing on a vertical side of a granite block measuring ca. 5 m in height in shady situation, not far from a forested fragment partially converted to cocoa trees cultivation, within a small farm.</p> <p> <i>Phenology</i>. – Flowers observed in August (in cultivation in Brazil) or December (in cultivation in Geneva) and mature fruits in October (in cultivation in Brazil).</p> <p> <i>Conservation status</i>. – Less than ten individuals were observed in a single population growing on a large granitic block within a fragment of humid forest, with the understory partly planted with cocoa trees. This single location lies within a farm at a few hundred meters from the farmer residence. Most of the land is already converted to tropical crops, like banana and coffee. This reduced plant population is then heavily threatened by any change in the surroundings, like tree felling or extension of any other tropical crop. With an EOO <100 km 2 and AAO <10 km ², <i>S. stapelioides</i> is assigned a preliminary assessment as “Critically Endangered” [CR B2ab(iii)] using the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2012).</p> <p> <i>Notes</i>. – This species generates leaves and inflorescences separately and successively on the tuber surface, following the tuber dormancy period during the dry season (May-September). This feature is also present in three other <i>Sinningia</i> species, i.e., <i>S. defoliata</i> (Malme) Chautems, <i>S. helioana</i> and <i>S. tuberosa</i> (Mart.) H.E. Moore. This separate and successive development of vegetative and fertile shoots could have evolved at least twice independently in the genus. Indeed, preliminary phylogenetic data place this new taxon in the clade <i>Corytholoma</i>, together with <i>S. defoliata</i> and <i>S. helioana</i>, whereas <i>S. tuberosa</i> belongs to clade <i>Sinningia</i> (PERRET et al. 2003; M. Perret, unpubl. data). Nevertheless, <i>S. stapelioides</i> produces large (5–6 cm) tubular-campanulate corollas with a peculiar throat and lobes coloration pattern that differ from the long (up to 3–4 cm) tubular and bright red corollas displayed by these three species.</p> <p> Live material of this species was first obtained from the late R.A. Kautsky (later established to have been originally collected in the type locality within Sr. Adriano Romais’ property). It was introduced in cultivation under the provisional name <i>Sinningia</i> sp. “Pancas”.</p> <p>The only available material collected in the wild is a sterile gathering, as all individuals at the time of the collection were in a vegetative phase. This sample is designated as a paratype. Fertile material could only be observed at a different period on a plant cultivated in Geneva originating from the same locality. A flower was then collected and designated here as the holotype.</p> <p> <i>Paratypus</i>. – <b>BRAZIL. Espírito Santo:</b> Pancas, base da Pedra da Agulha, propriété do Sr. Adriano Romais, 4.V.2012, ster., <i>Perret, Chautems, Peixoto & Duarte 55</i> (VIES-026563).</p>Published as part of <i>Chautems, Alain, Valquíria F. Dutra,, Fontana, André P., Peixoto, Mauro, Perret, Mathieu & Rossini, Josiene, 2019, Three new species of Sinningia (Gesneriaceae) endemic to Espírito Santo, Brazil, pp. 33-42 in Candollea 74 (1)</i> on pages 39-41, DOI: 10.15553/c2019v741a5, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3404226">http://zenodo.org/record/3404226</a&gt

Sinningia flammea Chautems & Valquíria F. Dutra & Fontana & Peixoto & Perret & Rossini 2019, spec. nova

<p> <i>Sinningia flammea</i> Chautems & Rossini, <b>spec. nova</b></p> <p>(Fig. 2A, 3).</p> <p> <b>Holotypus: BRAZIL. Espírito Santo:</b> Itaguaçu, Cachoei- rão, propriedade Sr. Hilário Lopes, trilha da cachoeira, 8.IX.2006, fl., <i>R.C. Britto et al. 134</i> (MBML-39758!).</p> <p> <i>This species resembles Sinningia aghensis Chautems by the habit, the leaves nearly whorled and the long ascending peduncles, but differs by having smaller leaf blades that are vinaceous abaxially and by the narrow tubular bright orange corollas with a greenish-yellow throat (vs. leaves green abaxially and wide tubular funnel-shape and purple corollas, with a darker purple and white marbled throat).</i></p> <p> <i>Herb</i> rupicolous, arising from perennial tuber, 2–9 × 3–10 cm in diam. <i>Stems</i> erect, 8–30 cm tall, usually unbranched, reddish to vinaceous with some green streaks, villose, trichomes 3–4 mm long. <i>Leaves</i> usually 2 pairs, decussate, isophyllous, condensed in an apparent whorl of 4 toward the apex of the stem, petiole 0,3– 1 cm long, blade ovate to obovate 2.2–9 × 1.6–6.7 cm, dark green and pubescent on adaxial face, vinaceous and incanoustomentose abaxially, base obtuse, apex obtuse, margin crenatedenticulate, 7–9 pairs of veins, vinaceous abaxially. <i>Inflorescence</i> 1–2 pair(s) of ascending peduncles, in the axils of upper leafs or small bracts below the leafs, 10–27 cm long, vinaceous with greenish dots, villose, each peduncle carrying at their apex 4–12 flowers organized in pair-flowered cymes. <i>Flowers</i> borne on erect to horizontal pedicels, 1.3–4.7 cm long, vinaceous, villose. <i>Calyx</i> campanulate, sepals fused at base for 3 mm, green with reddish apex, 9 × 3 mm, triangular to lanceolate, pubes- cent with glandular trichomes. <i>Corolla</i> tubular, 4.2–4.5 cm long, outside dark vinaceous at young buds stage, brightly orange with touch of yellow at maturity, pubescent with longer eglandular and shorter glandular trichomes, tube at the very base enlarged forming two dorsal bulges that are the nectary chambers, c. 7 mm diam., then, briefly constricted to around 3–4 mm in diam., widening progressively to about 8 mm in diam., throat greenish yellow, lobes equal, patent, internally greenish yellow at base, orange at the apex with yellow veins. <i>Stamens</i> 4, included, filaments 3.9–4.2 cm long, white or yellowish, puberulous, anthers 3 × 2 mm, coherent by their apex and side, star-shaped, pollen white; nectary formed by five separate glands of 1–2 × 1 mm; ovary conical, 5–7 mm long, whitish, puberulous, style 4.5–4.8 cm long, white, puberulous, barely exserted at maturity, stigma stomatomorphic. <i>Fruit</i> a conical capsule, beaked at the apex, fully dehiscent, 8–10 × 4–5 mm, seeds fusiform to prolate, dark brown, 0.5–0.6 mm.</p> <p> <i>Etymology</i>. – The name refers to the bright and vivid yellow-orange color of the corolla that evokes fire flames.</p> <p> <i>Distribution and ecology</i>. – This species is endemic to the eastern part of Espírito Santo State (Fig. 1). It has only been encountered on inselbergs above 700 m alt. in the Municipalities of Itaguaçu and Colatina. Scattered populations have been found growing on sun exposed and steep granitic rock, among clumps of large <i>Bromeliaceae</i> and <i>Velloziaceae</i>.</p> <p> <i>Phenology</i>. – Flowers were observed between July and September. Mature fruits were registered on cultivated material around November-December.</p> <p> <i>Conservation status</i>. – The new species has been observed so far in only two localities representing two locations. None of them are part of the protected area network. Populations are composed of a few scattered individuals. Threats in those locations are granite extraction from the inselbergs and extension of monoculture of coffee or <i>Eucalyptus</i> L’Hér. in the immediate surroundings. With an EOO <5000 km ², an AAO <500 km ², two known locations coupled with a continuous decline in area, extent and quality of habitat, <i>Sinningia flammea</i> is assigned a preliminary assessment as “Endangered” [EN B1ab(iii)] using the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2012).</p> <p> <i>Notes</i>. – The new species is morphologically related to <i>S. aghensis</i>, sharing similarities in the whorled phyllotaxis, the leaf blade shape and the very long peduncles. Nevertheless, it differs by having much smaller leaf blades and narrow tubular bright orange corollas (vs tubular-campanulate dark purple corollas). Although flowers arise from long peduncles above a leafy stem and not directly from the tuber, the long tubular corollas resemble <i>S. helioana</i> Chautems & Rossini, but color and size differ (bright orange tube 4.2– 4.5 cm long with greenish hues in throat vs tube red 2.5–3 cm long with throat cream). Preliminary phylogenetic data place the new species in close relationship with the two above mentioned taxa within the clade “ Corytholoma ” (PERRET et al. 2003, 2007).</p> <p> Material of this species was introduced in cultivation under the provisional name <i>Sinningia</i> sp. “Itaguassu”.</p> <p> <i>Paratypus</i>. – <b>BRAZIL. Espírito Santo:</b> Colatina, Itapina, morro do Maquiji, Córrego Maquiji, Fazenda Pedra Grande, 27.VII.2009, fl., <i>A.P. Fontana & L. Menini Neto 6076</i> (MBML-47808).</p>Published as part of <i>Chautems, Alain, Valquíria F. Dutra,, Fontana, André P., Peixoto, Mauro, Perret, Mathieu & Rossini, Josiene, 2019, Three new species of Sinningia (Gesneriaceae) endemic to Espírito Santo, Brazil, pp. 33-42 in Candollea 74 (1)</i> on pages 34-37, DOI: 10.15553/c2019v741a5, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3404226">http://zenodo.org/record/3404226</a&gt

Three new species of Sinningia (Gesneriaceae) endemic to Espírito Santo, Brazil

Chautems, Alain, Valquíria F. Dutra,, Fontana, André P., Peixoto, Mauro, Perret, Mathieu, Rossini, Josiene (2019): Three new species of Sinningia (Gesneriaceae) endemic to Espírito Santo, Brazil. Candollea 74 (1): 33-42, DOI: 10.15553/c2019v741a

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora